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注意事项:

1. 阅读文章找5个句子
2. 标明 主句和从句 → 主 + 谓 + 宾 关系
3. 重点《理解意思》什么是完整的句子?

04-05

Americans are proud of their variety and individuality,yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform,whether it is the unifrom of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general.

Americans → 主
be proud of → 谓
variety and individuality → 宾
they → 主
love and respect → 谓
unifrom → 宾
it → 主 代表 unifrom
is → 谓
unifrom of an elevator operator → 宾

Why are uniforms so popular in the United States ?

why → 主
are → 谓
the United States → 宾

Among the arguments for uniforms,one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian(百姓的) clothes.

they → 主 代表制服
look more than → 谓 比较级
civilian clothes → 宾

People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a unifrom.

people → 主
have become → 谓
unifrom → 宾

The television repairman who wears unifrom tends to inspire more trust than on who appears in civilian clothes.

The television repairman → 主
wears → 谓
civilian clothes → 宾

04-06

Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a unifrom.

a garage mechanic → 主
increased → 谓
unifrom → 宾

What easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?

what → 主
step out of → 谓
uniform → 宾

Uniforms also have many practical benefits.

uniforms → 主
have → 谓
practical benefits → 表

They save on other clothes.

they → 主
save → 谓
other clothes → 宾

They save on laundry bills.

they → 主
save → 谓
laundry bills → 宾

04-07

They are tax-deductible.

they → 主
are → 谓
tax-deductible → 宾

They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.

they → 主
are → 谓
civilian clothes → 宾

Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them.

their → 主
lack loss → 谓
them → 宾 代表穿制服的

Though there are many types of uniforms,the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it,without change,until retirement.

there → 主
are → 谓
wearer → 宾

When people look alike,they tend to think,speak,and act similarly,on the job at least.

people → 主
look → 谓
alike → 宾

04-08

Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems.

give also to: 引起,造成
uniforms → 主
give rise to → 谓
problems → 谓

Though they are long-lasting,often their initial expense is greater than the const of civilian clothes.

they → 主
are → 谓
civilian clothes → 宾

Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain,rquiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.

uniforms → 主
are → 谓
expensive → 宾

While still in its early stages,welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states — at least in getting people of welfare

walfare: 福利
reform: 改革
welfare → 主
reform → 谓
people → 宾

It’s estimated that more than 2 million people have left the rolls since 1994.

estimated:估算
roll:名单
it’s → 主
estimated → 谓
people → 宾

04-09

In the past four years,walfare rolls in Athens Country have been cut in half.

athens: 雅典
walfare rolls → 主
cut → 谓
half → 宾

But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than $6 an hour.

percent:百分比
people → 主
left → 谓
that → 宾

The result:The Athens County proverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent — twice the national average.

poverty rate: 贫穷率
athens → 主
remains → 谓
national average → 宾

For advocates for the poor,that’s an indication that much more needs to be done.

advocates:代言人
indication:指示,表明
advocates → 主
needs → 谓
hat → 宾

“More people are getting jobs,but it’s not making their lives any better”,says Kathy Lairn,a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorties in Washington.

people → 主
get → 谓
their → 宾

04-10

A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996,a greater percentage of single,female-headed households were earning money on their own,but that average income for these households actually went down.

analysis:分析
census:人口普查
nationwide:全国性的
percentage:百分比,百分率
female-headed households:女性当家
earning:收入
income:收入
that → 主
earning → 谓
that → 宾

But for many,the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

almost:几乎
aid:帮助
that → 主
are able to 能够 → 谓
itself → 宾

“Welfare was a poison.It was a toxin that was poisoning the family,”says Robert Rector,a welfare-reform policy analyst.

poison:毒药
poisoning:中毒
policy:策略
analyst:分析师
Welfare → 主
was → 谓
poison → 宾

“The reform is changeing the moral climate in low-income communities.”

moral:道德的
climate:气候;氛围;状况;局势
low-income:低收入
communities:社区
reform → 主
changeing → 谓
communities → 社区

It’s beginning to reduild the work ethic,which is much more important.

rebuild:重建
work ethic:职业道德
which is much more important:这才是最重要的
It → 主
is → 谓
work ethic → 宾

04-11

Mr. Rector and other argued that once “habit of dependency is cracked,”then the country can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.

argue:争论
habit:习惯
dependency:依赖,依靠
cracked:裂纹
policy:政策,策略
aim:目标,目的
standard:标准
Mr.Rector and other → 主
argued → 谓
country → 宾

Since we are social beings,the quality of our lives depends in large measure on your interpersonal relationships.

quality:质量,品质
depends….to…:取决于
in large measure:在很大程度上
we → 主
are → 谓
your → 宾

One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances.

strength: 优点,力量
condition:环境,境况
tendency:趋势
stressful:压力
one another:互相
circumstances:情况
human → 主
give and receive → 谓
one another → 宾

Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties

be composed of:由….组成
among:在…中,周围是 三者以上
based on:基于
interpersonal ties:人际关系
socail support → 主
exchange → 谓
their → 宾

Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles.

appear:好像
able to:能够
cope:对付,处理
major:主要的,重要的,大的
life changes:人生改变
those → 主
appear → 谓
life chagnes → 宾

04-12

People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties.

without:没有,缺乏
such:这样的,如此的
people → 主
live have → 谓
those → 宾

Studies over a range of illnesses,from depression to heart disease,reveal that the presence of socail support helps people fend off illness,and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.

studies:研究,学习
depression:抑郁
a range of:一系列
reveal:显示,指出
presence:存在
fend off:挡开
absence:缺席
more likely:更有可能
studies → 主
fend off → 谓
poor → 宾

Social support cushions stress in a number of way.

cushions:缓解
stress:压力
socail support → 主
cushion → 谓
way → 宾

First,friends,relatives,and co-workers may let us know that they value us.

co-workers:同事
firends co-workers → 主
let → 谓
us → 宾

Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and diffculties.

self-respect:自尊
strengthened:加强,巩固
despite:即使,尽管
faults:责任,过失,过错
difficulties:难度,困难
we → 主
accepted → 谓
our → 宾

04-13

Second,other people often provide us with informational support.

other other → 主
provide → 谓
us → 宾

They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions tothem.

define: vt.规定,使明确,精确地解释 vi.(给词、短语等)下定义
find solutions to:查找解决方案
they → 主
help → 谓
us → 宾

Third,we typically find social companionship supportive.

typically:通常,典型地,代表性地
companionship:伙伴关系,友情,友谊
supportive:支持的,拥护的,赞助的
we → 主
find → 谓
companionship → 宾

Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles.

engaging:有趣的,令人愉快的,迷人的
leisure-time:业余时间的
worries:担忧
distracting:转移….注意力
other → 主
helps → 谓
us → 宾

Finally,other people may give us instrumental support — financial aid,material resource,and needed services — that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.

instrumental:仪器的,乐器的,有帮助的,起作用的
material: n.素材,材料 adj.物质的,肉体的,重要的
reduce:减少
stress:n.压力 vt.给…加压力
resolve:vt.&vi 决心,决定
cope with:应付,处理
other people → 主
give → 谓
us → 宾

04-14

When families gather for Christmas dinner,some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma’s generation.

Formal(white tie,black tie):正式的
Business formal:商务正装
Business casual:商务休闲
Casual:休闲
gather:聚集
stick to:坚持
traditions:传统的
dating back to:追溯到
generation:一代人
families → 主
gather → 谓
dinner → 宾

some → 主
stick to → 谓
Grandma’s generation → 宾

Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver,and the dress code will be Sunday-best.

be set with:被设定
dress code:着装规范
silver:器具
their → 主
be set with → 谓
sunday-best → 宾

But in many other homes,this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality,with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look.

china-and-silver:中国瓷器
elegance:优雅
give way to:为…所替代,给….让路
give away to:泄露,告发,赠送,被取代
stoneware-and-stainless:粗陶和不锈钢
informality:非正式的
assuming:v.假设 adj.傲慢的
other homes → 主
given way to → 谓
casual-Friday → 宾

For hosts and guests,the change means greater simplicity and comfort.

hosts:主人,东道主
simplicity:简化
comfort:舒适
mean:意味
hosts and guest → 主
change → 谓
simplicity and comfort → 宾

For makers of fine china in Britain,it spells economic hard times.

makers:制造商
fine china:中国陶瓷
britain:英国
spell:v.意味着,招致(坏事),拼写 n.符咒,一段时间,魅力
economic:经济
hard times:困难时间
makers → 主
spells → 谓
economic → 宾

04-15

Last week Royal Doulton,the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent,announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs - one-fifth of its total workforce,That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region.

employer:雇主,老板,雇佣者
announce:vi.宣布参加竞选,当播音员 vt.宣布
eliminating:vt.淘汰,排除,消除
employer → 主
annouced → 谓
that → 宾

it → 主
is → 谓
that → 主
bring → 谓

Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.

pottery:陶器
cut:消减
wedgwood and other pottery → 主
cuts → 谓
eariler → 宾

Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing,the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshanking social shifts.

pound:英镑
weak:不牢固,虚弱的
market:集市,市场,商场
Asia:亚洲
play:扮演,表演,发挥
role:职能,地位,作用
play a role:发挥作用
play a role in:起作用于
downsize:(公司、企业等)裁员,精减
layoff:解雇,裁员,下岗
stoke:煽动,激起
earthshaking:翻天覆地的,翻天,惊天动地
socail shift:社会转型,社会变迁
earthshanking social shifts → 主
have → 谓
their → 宾

A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company “has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend” toward casual dining.

spokesman:发言人
admit:承认,准许…进入
somewhat:有点,有几分,稍微
trend:趋势,动态,动向
toward:朝,面对,倾向于
casual dining:休闲用餐
a spokesman → 主
admitted → 谓
casual dining → 宾

Families eat together less often,he explained,and more people eat alone,either because they are single or they eat in front of television.

less:较少的,更少的
either:(两者中)任何一个
familes → 主
eat → 谓

he → 主
explain → 谓
they → 主
are → 谓
single → 宾
they → 主
eat → 谓

04-16

Even dinner parties,if they happen at all,have gone casual.

casual:不介意,不注意
dinner parties → 主
have gone → 谓
casual → 宾

In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules,busy hosts insist,rightly,that it’s better to share a takeout pizza on papaer plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “real” dinner party.

in a time of:在一个时期
busy:忙碌的
demand:要求,需求
schedules:工作计划,日程安排
share:共有,分享,共享
rightly:正当的,正确地
takeout:外卖店,外卖餐馆
plate:板块,盘子,碟子
than:比
moment:片刻,瞬间
that → 主
share → 谓
dinner part → 宾

Too often,the perfect moment never comes.

too often:太频繁
the perfect → 主
come → 谓
moment → 宾

Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth?

iron:熨斗
fine:精巧的,精美的,高质量的,美好的
pattern:模式,方式,图案,花样
tablecloth → 主
iron → 谓

Forget it.Polish the silver?Who has time?

polish:磨光,擦亮
silver:银器
silver → 主
polish → 谓

who → 主
has → 谓

04-17

Yet the loss of formality has its down side.

yet:用于否定句和疑问句:但是,然而
formality:正式手续,例行公事,遵守礼节
side:一旁,一边,侧边 支持,偏袒
formality → 主
has → 谓
down side → 宾

The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents(“Chew with your mouth closed.” “Keep your elbows off the table.”)must be picked up elsewhere.

etiquette:礼仪、礼节
might:may过去式
observation:观察、观测、监视
instruction:指示、命令、吩咐、用法说明、操作指南
chew:咀嚼
elbows:肘、肘部
pick up:学会、拿起、提起、捡起
elsewhere:在(或去、到)别处
etiquette → 主
be picked up → 谓
elsewhere → 宾

that children → 主
learned → 谓
parents and grandparents → 宾
chew → 主
closed → 谓
your mouth → 宾
elbows → 主
keep → 谓
your → 宾

Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.

etiquette:礼节、礼仪
seminar:研讨会、研讨课、培训会
employee:雇工、雇员
competent professionally:专业化
clueless socially:在社交上一无所知
companies → 主
offer → 谓
employees → 宾

who → 主
be → 谓

Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality,but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.

engineering:工程、工程学
be supposed to:应该、被期望
practicality:可行性、实用性
rationality:合理性、推理力
idealist:理想主义者、空想家
fool:蠢人、傻瓜
students → 主
are supposed to → 谓
my college education → 宾

I → 主
am → 谓
an idealist/a fool → 宾

In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and,of course,any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department,famous reputation and lots of good lbas and research equipment.

electrical engineer:电气工程师
sensible:明智的、理智的、合理的
with:和..在一起、和、同
aim:目的、目标、v.瞄准
chosen:choice过去式
reputation:名誉、名声
lab:实验楼、实验大楼
research:研究
equipment:设备、器材、配备、装备
I → 主
want to be → 谓
an electrical engineer → 宾

student → 主
have → 谓
college → 宾

04-18

But that’s not what I did.

I → 主
did → 谓
that’s 宾

I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn’t even offer a major in electrical engineering.

engineering:工程;工程学
liberal-arts:文科
university:大学、高等学府
electrical engineering:电机工程、电机工程学
I → 主
choice → 谓
that → 宾

Obviously,this was not practical choice.

obviously:显然,明显地
practical:实际的,真实的
practice:n.实践,实际行动 v.练习,实习
this → 主
was → 谓
priactical choice → 宾

I came here for more noble reasons.

noble:adj.崇高的、品质高尚的、高贵的 n.出身高贵的人、贵族成员
reason:n.原因、理由、解释 v.推理、推论
I → 主
came → 谓
reasons → 宾

I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career.

broad:宽阔的,广阔的
education:教育、教养、训练
flexibility:灵活性、柔韧性
value:n.价值、用途 v.重视、珍视、给…估价
system:n.体系、方法、制度、系统
guide:n.指南、手册 v.指引、指导
career:n.生涯、职业、事业、经历 v.猛冲、疾驰、飞奔
I → 主
wanted → 谓
my career → 宾

04-19 44页

I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren’t studying sience or engineering.

expend:扩大、增加、扩展、发展
vision:视力、视野、想象
interacting:交流、沟通、合作、相互作用
science:科学、理科、学科
engineering:n.工程、工程学 v.密谋策划、设计改造
I → 主
wanted → 谓
my → 宾

My parents,teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice.

praised:表扬、赞扬、称赞
such:这样的、那样的、类似的
sensible:明智的、理智的、合理的
My parents.. → 主
praised → 谓
me → 宾

They told me I wise and mature beyond my 18 years,and I believed them.

wise: adj.明智的、英明的 v.教导、使知道
mature beyond:超越成熟
They → 主
told → 谓
me → 宾

I → 主
wise → 谓
my 宾
I → 主
believed → 谓
them → 宾

I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who event to big engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you have values or were flexible. ?????疑问

headed off to:走向
sure:adj.确信、确知、肯定 adv.当然、确实、的确
have an advantage over:比…有优势
engineering:n.工程、工程学 v.密谋策划、设计制造
flexible:能适应新情况的、灵活的、可变动的
I → 主
headed off to → 谓

I → 主
was → 谓
those → 宾
they → 主
didn’t → 谓
flexible → 宾

I was going to be a complete engineer:technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.

engineer: n.工程师、设计师 v.密谋策划、设计制造
technical:技术的、技能的、工艺的
genius:天才
sensitive humanist all in one:敏感的人文一体
I → 主
was going to → 谓
enginner → 宾

04-20

Now I’m not so sure.

I → 主
am → 谓
sure → 宾

Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality,as all noble ideals eventually do.

somewhere along the way:在某处,到某处
alone the way:沿途
noble:adj.崇高的、高尚的 n.出身高贵的、贵族成员
ideals: 理想、完美的人
crash into reality:坠入现实
eventually:最后、终于
my → 主
crash → 谓
noble ideals → 宾

After three years of struggling to balance math,physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses,I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.

struggling:奋斗、努力、争取
balance:均衡、平衡、均势
physics:n.物理学 v.给…吃药、给…吃泻药
engineering:工程、工程学
liberal-arts:文科
reconcile:v.调和、使配合、使和解
I → 主
have learned → 谓

engineering students → 主
reconcile → 谓
engineering with liberal-arts

The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school.

reality: 现实、实际情况、事实
block: 阻碍 n.(方形平面)大块、立方体、 v.堵塞、阻塞、堵住(某人的路等)
path: 小路、小径、路线、道路
typical: 典型的、有代表性的
simply: 简单地、简单、仅仅、只、不过
mix: v.(使)混合、掺和 n.混合、混杂
easily: 容易地、轻易地
assume: 假定、假设、认为
high school: 高校
that → 主
blocked → 谓
student → 宾

I → 主
assumed → 谓
high school → 宾

Individually they shape a person in very different ways;together they threaten to confuse.

individually: 个别的、单独地
shape: 塑造 v.形状、外形 n. 使成为…形状 、决定…的形成
way: n.方法、手段、途径、方式、作风 adv.很远、大量
threaten: v.威胁、恐吓、预示凶兆
confuse: v.使糊涂、混淆
they → 主
shape → 谓
person → 宾

04-21

The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.

struggle: 斗争 v.奋斗、努力、争取、斗争 n.斗争、奋斗、努力
reconcile: v.使和谐一致、调和、使配合、使和解、将就、妥协
difficult:困难的
study: 研究、学习
The two fields → 主
study → 谓

About the time that schools and others quite rasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children,whatever their background,were fairly treated,intelligence testing became unpopular.

quite:相当、完全、十分
reasonably:合理地
interested:感兴趣的
seeing to:留心、注意
whatever:无论什么
background: 出身背景、学历、经历
fairly:相当地
treated: 以…态度对待、以…方式对待、把…看作
intelligence:智力、才智、智慧
unpopular:不受欢迎的、不流行的
that → 主
become → 谓

that → 主
became → 谓

Some thought it was unfair to minority children.

thought: 认为、以为 think 过去式
some → 主
thought → 谓

Throught the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communitites have indeed forbidden it.

throught:通过
the past few decades:过去几十年
out of fashion:不流行
indeed:的确
forbidden:禁止的
testing → 主
has gone → 谓
many communitites → 主
have → 谓

However,paradoxically,just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit in California claiming that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test.

however:然而
paradoxically:自相矛盾的
recently:禁止
claiming:宣城、声称
discriminates:歧视
against:反对、对抗
denying:否认、否定
opportunity:机会、时机
a group of black parents → 主
filed a lawsuit → 谓
their → 主
take → 谓

04-22

They believed,correctly,that IQ tests are a vaild method of evaluating children for special education classes.

correctly:正确地
evaluating:评价
they → 主
believed → 谓

The judge,therefore,reversed,at least partially,his original decision.

judge:法官
therefore:所以、因此、因而
reversed:撤回
decision:决策
judge → 主
reversed → 谓

And so the argument goes on and on.

and so:因此
argument:争论
on and on:不停地、继续不停地
argument → 主
goes → 谓

Does it benefit or harm children from minority groups to have their intelligence tested?

benefit:益处、优势
harm:伤害、损害
minority groups → 主
have → 谓

We have always been on the side of permitting,even facilitating,such testing.

on the side of:站在一边
permitting:允许、准许
facilitating:促进、促使
such:这样的、那样的、类似的
we → 主
have → 谓

04-23

If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence,or whether some other factor is the cause.

poorly:差的
seemed:似乎、好像
whether:是否
child → 主
doing → 谓

What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause.

school and family → 主
immprove → 谓

It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.

either:任何一个
it → 主
is → 谓

Unfortunately,intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject,and what the law allows us to do varies from time to time.

unfortunately:不幸地
sensitive:敏感的
varies:变化
varies from time to time:随时间变化
intellectual → 主
be → 谓

The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence.

fluctuation:波动
fluctuation back and forth occurs:来回波动
intelligence → 主
back and forth occurs → 谓

04-24

Thirty years or so ago,for instance,white families were encouraged to adopt black children.

instance:实例、例子
encouraged:鼓励
adopt:采取、收养
families → 主
adopt → 谓

It was considered discriminative not to do so.

considered:仔细考虑
discriminative:区别的、歧视的
it → 主
was → 谓

And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular,and social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only.

and then:然后
cross-racial:跨种族的
adopting:收养、采用
generally:通常地、一般地
agency:机构
this → 主
adopting → 谓

It is hard to say what are the best procedures.

hard:坚硬的、努力地
procedures:程序、手续、步骤
hard to say:很难说

But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.

surely:想必、用于否定句、表示难以置信
good will:善意
on part of all of us:我们所有人的一部分
needed:意愿
good will → 主
is → 谓

04-25

As to intelligence,in our opinion,the more we know about any child’s intellectual level,the better for the child in question.

as to:谈到、关于、至于、谈到
opinion:意见、想法
know about:知道、了解
in question:被提及的、讨论中的、相关的
intelligence → 主
know → 谓

Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools,it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say ‘about their school expericence.

given:prep.鉴于
lack of:缺乏、缺少
gifted: 有天才的、有天赋的、天资聪慧的
surprising: 令人吃惊的、使人惊奇的
experience: 经历、经验
little:不多、稍许、略微
fit: 适合、契合度
given → 主
black of → 谓

that → 主
have → 谓

In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life,researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school.

distinction: 差别、区别;、对比、优秀、杰出、卓越、特质、特点、不同凡响
study:学习、研究
researchers: 研究员科研工作者
individuals: 个人、与众不同的人、有个性的人
either: 任何一个、每个、各方
adults → 主
study → 谓

thses → 谓
found → 谓

Few MacArthur Prize fellows,winners of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment,had good things to say about their pre collegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs.

few:很少的、不多的
prize:奖、奖品、奖励
fellows: 男人、男孩、小伙子、家伙、哥们
winners:获胜的人、优胜者、成功者
Award:奖、奖品、奖金、奖状
creative:创造性的、创作的、有创造力的
accomplishment:成就、成绩、才艺、技艺、专长
pre collegiate:大学预科生
advanced:先进的、高级的、高等的
programs:n.程序、程序集、所有程式 v.规划、为…提供生物程序
schooling:学习教育、训练、教育、培养
say about:估计、大约、未定的数
placed:放置、列入、安放、安置
good things:好的评价
MacArthur → 主
had → 谓

they → 主
had ..been → 谓

Anecdotal reports support this.

reports:汇报、报告、记述
Anecdotal → 主
reports → 谓

04-26

Pablo Picasso,Charles Darwin,Mark Twain,Oliver Goldsmith,and William Butler Yeats all disliked school.

Pablo Picasso → 主
disliked → 谓

So did Winstom Churchill,who almost failed out of Harrow,an elite British school.

Harrow: v.粑 n.粑地、折磨、使苦恼
elite: 上层集团、掌权人物、社会精英
British: 英国的、英国人的
so did: 也是
almost:几乎、差不多
failed:失败的、不成功的
out of:从…里面,离开
Winstom Churchill → 主
out of…. → 谓

About Oliver Goldsmith,one of his teachers remarked,”Never was so dull a boy.”Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers,and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant,inattentive,or unmotivated.

remarked: 说起、谈论、评论
never: 从不、绝不、从未
dull: adj.鼓噪无味的、无聊的、令人生厌的 v.减少、(使)变麻木、使迟钝
realize: 理解、领会、认识到
feel: 意识到、感受到
arrogant: 傲慢的、自大
inattentive: 不注意的、不经心
unmotivated: 动机不明的
Oliver Goldsmith → 主
are → 谓

Some of these gifted people many have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic.

gifted: 有天才的、有天赋的、天资聪慧的
have done: 现在完成时,表示做过
poorly: adv.槽糕地、不如意、不足 adj.有病、不适、不舒服
scholastic: 学校的、教育的、学业的
were not scholastic: 不是学术型的
these → 主
have done → 谓

Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way.

Maybe: 大概、或许、可能
account: n.账户、账目 v.认为是、视为
account for: 解释、说明
in this way: 用这个方法
we → 主
can → 谓

04-27

But most performed poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school challenging and consequently lost interest.

performed: 做、履行、执行、表演、演出
poorly: adv.槽糕地、不如意、不足 adj.有病、不适、不舒服
challenging: adj.挑战性的、考查…能力的 v.向(某人)挑战、拒绝接受
consequently: 因此,所以
interest: n.兴趣、关注、引人关注的性质 v.使感兴趣、使关注
most → 主
performed → 谓

they → 主
found → 谓

Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: “Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts,I was difficult to teach.” As noted earlier,gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists.

describe: v.描述、形容、把…称为、做…运动
lack of: 缺少、缺乏、需要
fit: v.适合、合身 adj.健壮的、健康的、适合的、适当的 n.突发、发作
mind: v.头脑、大脑、思考能力、智慧 v.烦恼、苦恼、介意
school: n.学校 v.训练、使学会、教育、培养
difficult: 困难的、费力的、难做的
attend: v.出席、参加、经常去、定期去(某处)
attend to: 处理、注意
thoughts: 想法、看法、注意、记忆、心思、思想
noted: adj.简称、闻名、著名 v.注意、留意、指出
earlier: adv.早些时候、先前、之前
strong-willed: 意志坚强的、坚持已见的
nonconformists: 不墨守成规的
As noted earlier: 如前所述
Yeats → 主
described → 谓

I → 主
had → 谓
I → 主
was → 谓
children → 主
tend to → 谓

Nonconformity and stubbornness(and Yeats’s level of arrogance and self-absorption) are likely to lead to conflicts with teachers.

Nonconformity: 不墨守成规的
stubbornness: 固执
arrogance: 傲慢、自大
self-absorption: 自我专注、专诚
likely: 可能的、预料的、有希望的
lead to: 通向
conflicts: n.冲突、争执、争论 v.冲突、抵触
Nonconformity → 主
lead to → 谓

When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities,they are far more likely to mention their families than their school or teacher.

highly: 非常、高标准地、高级地
domain: 领域、范围
development: 发展、发育、成长、壮大、开发
likely: adj.可能的、预料的 adv.可能、或许
mention: v.提到、写到、说到 n.提及、说起
for more: 许多、多得多的、更多的
talk about: 这才叫..、真是
students → 主
talk about → 谓

they → 主
are → 谓

A writing prodigy studied by David Feldman and Lynn Goldmith was taught for more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher.

prodigy: (年轻的)天才、奇才、精英、神童
taught: 教(课程)、讲授、教授、教、训练
journalist: 新闻记者、新闻工作者
David Feldman → 主
was → 谓

04-28

High-IQ children,in Australia studied by Miraca Gross had much more positive feelings about their families than their schools.

Australia: 澳洲、澳大利亚
have much: 有更多
positive: adj.积极的、建设性的 n.优势、优点
High-IQ children → 主
studied → 谓

About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school.

mathematicians: 数学家
say about: 估计、大约、未定的数
mathematicians → 主
studies → 谓

They all did well in school and took honors classes when available,and some skipped grades.

honors: n.荣誉、荣幸、尊敬 v.尊敬、尊重、接受
available: 可获得的、可购得的、有空的
skipped: 不做、不参加
grades: n.等级、品级、职别 v.分级、分等、分类
They → 主
did → 谓

In recent years,Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they’re become wealthier and more worldy-wise.

grown: adj.成熟的、成年的、长大的 v.扩大、增加、增强
deamanding: adj.要求高的 v.强烈要求、需要
wealthier: 富有的、富裕的、富饶的
worldy-wise: 更加世俗化
consumers → 主
have → 谓

they → 主
are → 谓

Foreign travel is a national possion;this summer alone,one in 10 citizens will go abroad.

national: adj.国家的、民族的、全国的 n.(某国的)公民
passion: n.强烈情感、激情
alone: adj/adv 独自、独立、单独
abroad: 在国外、到国外
Foreign travel → 主

citizens → 主
go → 谓

04-29

Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere,Israelis are retuning home expecting the same.

expecting: v.预料、预期、预计、等待、期待
israelis → 主
are → 谓

American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers.

in large numbers: 成群、大量地
firms → 主
arriving → 谓

Chains such as KFC,McDonald’s and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service,using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff.

chains: n.连锁商店 v.束缚、固定
such as: 例如、像、象…这样
setting: n.环境、背景 v.放、置、使处于
monitoring: v.监视、检查、跟踪调查
ensure: v.保证、担保、确保
friendliness: n.友谊
frontline: n.前线、锋线
staff: n.全体职工 v.在…工作、任职于、为…配备职员
frontline staff: 一线员工
chains → 主
are → 谓

Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “Have a nice day” has caught on all over Israel.

habit: 习惯、惯常行为、习性
departing: v.离开、离去、启程、出发、离职
caught: v.接住、截住、拦住、抓住
caught on: 明白、投合人心
all over: 导出、遍及、全部完结

“Nobody wakes up in the morning and says,’Let’s be nicer,’”say Itsik Cohen,director of a consuliting firm.”Nothing happens without competition”

Let’s be nicer: 让我们更美好
director: n.董事、理事、经理、负责人、主任
consulting: v.咨询、请教、(与某人)商议
Nobody → 主
wakes up → 谓

04-30

Privatization,or the threat of it,is a motivation as well.

Privatization: 私有化
threat: n.威胁、恐吓、凶兆、征兆
motivation: n.动机、动力、诱因
as well: 也,还
Privatization → 主
is → 谓

Monopolies(that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted) now fear what Michael Perry,a marketing professor,calls “the revengeful consumer.”

Monopolies: 垄断
recently: adv.不久前,最近
granted: adv.不错,的确 conj.因为 v.统一、准予、授予
fear: n.害怕、惧怕、担忧 v.害怕、畏惧、惧怕
marketing: n.促销、营销、营销活动 n.推销、促销
professor: n.教授、讲师、教员
the revengeful consumer: 报仇的消费者
Monopolies → 主
calls → 谓

When the government opened up competition with Bezaq,the phone company,its international branch lost 40% of its market share,even while offering competitive rates.

competition: 竞争、角逐
phone: n.电话、电话系统、电话机 v.打电话
while: 虽然 conj.在…期间 n.一段时间、一会 v.消磨
offering: n.用品、剧作、作品 v.主动提出、提供
competitive: adj.竞争的、有竞争力的
rates: n.速度、进度、比率、价格、费用 v.评估、估价、认为…是好的
government → 主
opened → 谓

Says Perry,”People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.”

revenge: n.报复、报仇 v.报复、替…报仇
revenge for: 为…报复
Perry → 主
says → 谓

The electric company,whose monopoly may be short-lived,has suddenly mopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman.

monopoly: n.垄断、专营服务、被垄断的商品
may be: 多半
short-lived: adj.短暂的
mopped: 用拖把擦干净、用布擦掉(表面)的液体
electric company → 主
wait → 谓

05-01

Now,appointments are scheduled to the half-hour.

appointments: 任命、指派
appointments → 主
are → 谓

The graceless EI AI Airlines,which is already at auction,has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan,”You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time,praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.

graceless: 不礼貌的、无礼的
already: 已经、早已
auction: 拍卖
retrained: 重新培养、再教育、再培养
emphasize: 强调、重视、着重
boasting: 自夸、自吹自擂
campaign: n.运动、战役 v.参加运动、领导运动
slogan: 标语、口号
complaints: 抱怨、埋怨
survey: 民意调查
sheets: 表
in the air: 可感觉到、可被意识到
AI Airlines → 主
retrained → 谓

you → 主
change → 谓
customer → 主
outnumbers → 谓

Henry Ford,the famous U.S. inventor and car manufacturer,once said,”The business of America is business.”By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the business world.

famous: 著名的、出名的
inventor: 发明者、发明家、创造者
manufacturer: 生产者、制造者、生产商
business: 商业、买卖、生意、商务
meant: adj.原本打算的、本应的 v.表示…的意思、意思是、本意是
way of life: 典型行为模式、特有生活方式、生活的一部分
based on: 以…为基础、在…基础上、以…为依据
Henry Ford → 主
say → 谓

Few would argue with Ford’s statement.

argue: 争论、争吵、争辩、论证
statement: n.称述、说明、说法、表白 v.(英国)对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定
Few → 主
argue → 谓

A brief glimpse at a daliy newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business.

brief: adj.短时间的、短暂的、简洁的、简单的 n.任务简介、指示 v.给(某人)指示、向(某人)介绍情况
glimpse: n. 一撇、一看 v.瞥见、看一眼
vividly: 生动地
think about: 思考、探讨、为….费心思
newspaper → 主
shows → 谓

05-02

For example,nearly every newspaper has a business section,in which the deals and projects,finances and management,stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily.

nearly: 几乎、差不多、将近
deals: 交易 v.发牌、非法买卖毒品 n.大量、很多、协议、待遇
finances: v.提供资金
management: n.经营、管理
stock: n.现货、存活、库存 v.存活 adj.常备的、通常有的
labor: n.劳动、努力、工作
corporations: n.公司、法人、法人团队
reported: v.汇报、报告、通报、报道、公布
newspaper → 主
reported → 谓

In addition,business news can appear in every other section.

In addition: 另外、此外、除…之外
appear: v.显得、看了、似乎、出现
business → 主
can → 谓

Most national news has an important financial aspect to it.

financial: 财政的
aspect: n.方面、层面、样子
news → 主
has → 谓

Welfare,foreign aid,the federal budget,and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all havily affected by business.

welfare: (政府给予的)福利
aid: n.援助、救援物资 v.帮助、援助
federal: 联邦制的、(在美国、加拿大等联邦制下)联邦政府的
budget: n.预算 v.谨慎花钱 adj.价格低廉的
policies: n.政策
reserve: v.预定、保留、贮备 n.储备、储藏
heavily: adv.在很大程度上、大量地
business: 商业、买卖、生意、商务
Federal Reserve Bank: 联邦储备银行
Welfare → 主
affected → 谓

Moreover,business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places.

moreover: 此外、而且
unlikeliest: 最不可能的
places: 地方、位置
news → 主
appears → 谓

05-03

The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “the entertainment industry” or “show business.”

entertainment: n.娱乐、娱乐片、文娱节目、表演会
referred: v.谈及、提到、提及、称…(为)、涉及
industry: n.行业、工业、生产制造
show: v.表明、证明、给…看、出示、展示 n.演出、歌舞表演、(电视或广播)节目、展览、展览会
business: n.商业、买卖、生意、商务、公事、营业额、贸易额、营业状况
referred to as: 被称为、简称、称作
entertainment industry: 娱乐业
show business: 娱乐行业、娱乐界、演艺界
art → 主
is → 谓

The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S. life.

postitive: adj.积极乐观的、自信的 n.优势、有点
side: n.一边、一侧 v.支持、偏袒
statement: v.陈述、说明、说法 v.(英国)对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定
prosperity: 繁荣、兴旺、成功
brought: v.带…到某处、带来、取来、提供、供给
seen: seen过去分词 v.看见、见到、看出
positive → 主
brought → 谓

One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job.

most important: 重要的、有重大影响的、有巨大价值的、影响很大的
all over the world: 全世界
dream of: 梦见、梦想、渴望
reasons → 主
come to → 谓

Jobs are produced in abundance because the U.S. economic system is driven dy competition.

produced: v.生产、制造、生长、出产
aboundance: n.大量、丰盛、充裕
economic: adj.经济的、经济学的
driven: adj.奋发努力地、发愤图强的 v.驾驶、开车
competition: n.竞争、比赛
in abundance: 富有
economic system: 经济体系
Jobs → 主
are → 谓

People believe that this system creates more wealth,more jobs,and a materially better way of life.

wealth: 财富、财产
materially: 物质上地、实质上地
People → 主
believe → 谓

05-04

The negative side of Henry Ford’s statement,however,can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business.

negative: adj.坏的、有害的、消极的 n.否定词、否定 v.拒绝、否定
however: adv 无论到什么程度、不管多么、不管怎样
big business: 大企业、大生意
business → 主
mean → 谓

And the term big business-referring to the biggest companies,is seen in opposition to labor.

term: n.词语、学期、期限 v.把…称为、把…叫做
referring: v.谈及、提到、提及、涉及
business-referring: 业务介绍
opposition: n.反对、反抗、对抗
labor: n.劳动、努力、工作
companies → 主
is → 谓

Throughout U.S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages,better working conditions,and the fight to form unions.

throughout: prep.各处、遍及、自始至终 adv.始终、处处
working people: 劳动人民
fight: v.打仗、战斗 n.搏斗、打斗
fight hard: 努力奋斗
wages: n.工资、工钱 v.开始、发动、进行、继续
conditions: 条件
working conditions: 工作环境
form: n.类型、种类、形式 v.出现、产生、形成
unions: n.协会、联合会、会社、俱乐部
form unions: 建立工会
U.S. → 主
fight hard → 谓

Today,many of the old labor disputes are over,but there is still some employee anxiety.

disputes: n.争论、辩论、争端 v.对…提出质询、争论、辩论、争执
still: 仍然
anxiety: n.焦虑、忧虑、担心、害怕
labor → 主
disputes → 谓

there → 主
is → 谓

Downsizing—the laying off of housands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high-creates feelings of insecurity for many.

downsizing: v.(公司、企业等)裁员、精减
laying: v.放置、安放
off: adv.离开 prep.离开
laying off: 下岗、停工、临时解雇
expenses: n.费用、价钱、开销
profits: n.利润、收益、赢利 v.获益、得到好处
insecurity: n.不牢靠、不安全、无保障、不放心
downsizing → 主
laying off → 谓

05-05

If you know exactly what you want,the best route to a job is to get specialized training.

exactly: 精确地、准确的、确切的
route: n.路线、路途、固定线路 v.按某路线发送
specialized: adj.专业的 v.专门研究(或从事)、专攻
training: 训练、培训
you → 主
know → 谓

A recent survey shows that companies like graduates in such fields as business and health care who can go to work immediately with very little on-the-job training.

recent: 最近的、近来的、新近的
survey: n.民意调查、民意测验
immediately: adj.立即、马上 conj.一…就、即刻
graduates: n.大学毕业生 v.大学毕业
health care: 医疗
on-the-job training: 在职培训
go to work: 着手工作
graduates → 主
training → 谓

That’s especially true of booming fields that are challenging for workers.

especially: adv.尤其、特别、格外、专门
booming: v.轰鸣、轰响
fields: 领域
challenging: 具有挑战性的
that → 主
is → 谓

At Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration,for example,bachelor’s degree graduates get an average of four or five job offers with salaries ranging from the high teens to the low 20s and plenty of chances for rapid advancement.

administration: n.(企业、学校等的)管理、行政、施行、执行
bachelor’s: 学士学位
degree: n.度、度数
graduates: n.大学毕业生、学士学位获得者 v.获得学位(尤指学士)、大学毕业
average: adj.平均的、典型的、正常的
offers: v.主动提供、自愿给予 n.主动提议、建议、出价、报价
salaries: 薪金、薪水
teens: 十几岁(13至19岁之间)、青少年
plenty: 大量、众多、充足
chances: n.机会、机遇、时机、风险 v.冒险、拿…去冒风险
repid: adj.瞬间的、短时间内发生的
advancement: 促进、推动、发展、前进
ranging from: 从…排列
plenty of: 很多的
Cornell’s School → 主
offers → 谓

Large companies,especially,like a background of formal education coupled with work experience.

especially: 尤其、特别、格外、专门
coupled: v.(把车辆或设备等)连接、结合、性交、交配
experience: n.(由实践而来的)经验、实践、经历 v.经历、经受、遭受
large companies → 主
coupled → 谓

05-06

But in the long run,too much specialization doesn’t pay off.

run: 一段(幸运或倒霉的)时光
specialization: 专业化、专门化、特化
pay off: 偿清、还清、回报
in the long run: 归根到底、从长远来看、终究
specialization → 主
doesn’t → 谓

Business,which has been fooded with MBAs,no longer considers the degree an automatic stamp of approval.

business: 商业、买卖、生意、商务
which: 哪个、哪一个、哪一些
has been: 已经
flood: n.洪水、大量(的人或事物) v.大量涌入、蜂拥而出
consider: 考虑、细想、认为、以为、看重
degree: 程序、学位、度、度数
automatic: 自动的、不假思索的、无意识的、自动手枪
stamp: 邮票、标志、印记、跺脚、特征、标记
approval: 批准、同意、赞成
MBAs: 工商管理硕士(Master of Business Administration)
no longer: 不再
MBAs → 主
considers → 谓

The MBA many open doors and command a higher salary initally,but the impact of a degree washes out after five years.

command: 命令、指挥、指令、控制力、控制
higher: 高高的、高级的、上级的、高等的、高的、高尚的
salary: 薪水、薪金
initially: 最初、开始
impact: 影响、碰撞、冲击、撞击
degree: 程序、学位、度、度数
washes: 洗涤、冲、洗
open: 开放的、敞开的
washes out: 消失
MBA → 主
open → 谓

As further evidence of the erosion of corporate faith in specialized degrees,Michigan State’s Scheetz cites a pattern in corporate hiring practices,although companies tend to take on specialiests as new hires,they often seek out generalists for middle and upper-level managerment.

further: 更多的、更远的、较远的、更进一步的
evidence: 证明、证据、迹象、证词、明显
erosion: 侵蚀、销蚀
corporate: 公司的
faith: 忠诚、信用、信任
specialized: 专门的、专业的、专用的
degress: 程序、学位、度、度数
Michigan: 美国密歇根
State’s: 州的
pattern: 模式、图案、花样、样品
corporate: 法人的、团队的、社团的、公司的
hiring: 雇佣、租赁、雇用的
practices: 实践、练习
although: 虽然、尽管、即使、不过
take: 采取、拿、取、接受
specialists: 专家、专科医生
hires: 新员工、雇用、录用、聘用、新雇员
seek out: 寻找出
generalists: 通才、多面手
middle: 中央、中部、中间、正中
upper-level: 高层、高等级、上水平
management: 管理、管理人员、管理技巧
take on: 承担、接受、呈现、显出
corporate → 主
evidence → 谓

companies → 主
tend to → 谓
they → 主
seek out → 谓

“They want someone who isn’t constrained by nuts and bolts to look at the big picture,” says Scheetz.

constrain: 约束 、限制、强迫
nuts: 傻的、坚果、螺母、疯子
bolts: 螺栓、闪电、插销
nuts and bolts: 具体细节、基本要素
look at: 看、考虑
big picture: 全局、大局
They → 主
want → 谓

who → 主
isn’t → 谓

05-07

This sounds suspiciously like a formal statement that you approve of the liberal-arts graduate.

sounds: 声音、声响、音调、声调、声波、嘈杂声
suspiciously: 猜疑地、怀疑的、心怀鬼胎的、满腹狐疑地
approve: 赞成、同意、批准、通过(计划、要求等)、认可、核准 记忆技巧：ap 加强 + prov 证明 + e → 证明可行 → 赞成
liberal-arts: 文科、学院倡导博雅、博雅
graduate: 大学毕业生、毕业生 记忆技巧：gradu〔= grad〕步；度，级；走 + ate 使… → 完成所有步骤 → 毕业
approve of: 对.....予以认可
This → 主
sounds → 谓

you → 主
approve of → 谓

Time and again labor-market analysts mention a need for talents that liberal-arts majors are assumed to have: writing and communication skills,organizational skills,open-mindedness and adaptability,and the ability to analyze and solve problems,David Birch claims he does not hire anybody with MBA or an engineering degree,”I hire only liberal-arts people because they have a less-than-canned way of doing things,”says Birch.

again: 再一次、又一次、返回原处、复原
time and again: 屡次、常常
labor-market: 劳动力市场
analysts: 分析者、化验员
mention: 提到、说起、提及 记忆技巧：ment 头脑，智力 + ion 表动作 → 有思考 → 提到，论及
talents: 天才、天资、天赋
liberal-arts: 文科
major: 主要的、重要的、大调的、主修的 记忆技巧：maj 大，伟大 + or → 较大的；主要的
assumed: 假定的、假装的、被承担的、假定
communication: 交流、通讯、通信、书信、传达
communication skills: 沟通技巧
organizational skills: 组织能力
open-mindedness: 思想开放、开放的思想、思想开明、开放性思维、开明之心
adaptability: 适用(合、用)性、可用性、灵活性、适应能力
ability: 能力、才能、本领 记忆技巧：abil 能 + ity 具备某种性质，状况 → 能力
analyze: 分析、(分析)研究、分解、解析 记忆技巧：ana 在旁边 + lyz〔= lys〕裂开；分解 + e → 分析
solve: 解决、处理、解答、破解 记忆技巧：solv 松开 + e →〔乱麻〕松开 → 解决
claims: 宣称、声称、断言、要求(拥有)、索取
hire: 新员工、租用、租赁、聘用
engineering: 工程、操纵、管理
degree: 学位、程度、度、度数
less-than-canned: 不拘一格、独具一格
labor-market → 主
mention → 谓

Liberal-arts means an academically thorough and strict program that includes literature,history,mathematics,economics,science,human behavior-plus a computer course or two.

academically: 学术上、学业上
thorough: 彻底的、全面的、充分的、彻头彻尾的、根本的
strict: 精确的、绝对的、严格的、严谨的
program: 程序、节目、节目单、计划、安排、为...制定计划
literature: 文学、文学作品 记忆技巧：liter 文字，字母 + ature 与行为有关之物 → 文学
mathematics: 数学、运算、计算
economics: 经济学、经济情况、经济因素、经济意义
science: 科学、自然科学
human behavior-plus: 人类行为
Liberal-arts → 主
means → 谓

With that under your belt,your can feel free to specialize,”A liberal-arts degree coupled with an MBA or some other technical training is a very good combination in the marketplace,”says Scheetz.

belt: 腰带、传送带、区域、环绕
specialize: 专攻、特化、专门从事、列举 记忆技巧：special 特别的；专门的 + ize …化 → 专门化；专攻
coupled: 连结的、联系的
technical: 技术的、技能的、工艺的
technical training: 技术培训
combination: 结合、联合体、密码组合 记忆技巧：combine 结合 + ation 行为 → 结合，联合
marketplace: 市场、集市
feel free to: 可以随便
coupled with: 接在一起
very good: 最好
your → 主
can → 谓

Just five on-hundredths of an inch thick,light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,”the Lay’s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination.

an inch thick: 一英寸厚
light golden: 浅金色
perfect: 完备的、完美的、完全的
saddle curl: 鞍状卷曲
potato chip: 马铃薯片
seem: 好像、似乎、看来
unlikely: 不可能的、未必的
weapon: 武器、兵器
domination: 控制、统治、占优势
potato chip → 主
seems → 谓

05-08 71页

But its maker.Frito-Lay.Thinks otherwise.”Potato chips are a snack food for the world,” said Salman Amin,the company’s head of global marketing.

maker: 制造者、制造商、上帝
thinks: 认为、以为、想、思索
otherwise: 否则、另外、别的方式、别的、另外的
Frito-Lay → 主
thinks → 谓

Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.

resist: 反抗、抵抗
charms: 魅力、魔力、吸引力
Amin → 主
believes → 谓

Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America,owned by PepsiCo.

PepsiCo: 百事可乐、百世集团
Frito-Lay → 主
is → 谓

And accounts for over half of the parent company’s $3 billion annual profits.

accounts: 账户、账目、报告、描述
annual: 每年的 记忆技巧：annu 年，一年 + al …的 → 一年一度的
profits: 利润、收益、赢利、益处、好处
billion: 十亿
over half: 超过一半
accounts → 主
over half → 谓

But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated,and to grow,the company has to look overseas.

U.S.: 美国
saturated: 饱和的、浸透的
grow: 扩大、扩展
largely: 很大程度上、多半、主要地
overseas: 外国的、海外的
snack → 主
is → 谓

company → 主
has → 谓

05-09

Its strategy rests on two beliefs:first a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete.

strategy: 战略、策略、计策、行动计划、策划
rests: 休息、静止、休止
beliefs: 相信、信心、信念、信仰
economies: 经济、经济情况、经济结构
scale: 规模、范围、程度、等级、级别、等级体系
brands: 牌子、商标、烙印
compete: 竞争、对抗
economies of scale: 规模经济
its → 主
rests → 谓

And second,consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global” as a concent.

consumers: 消费者、顾客、用户
drawn: 吸引、憔悴的、拉、绘画、拖、拨出
concent: 协调、一致、和谐
consumers → 主
are → 谓

“Global” does not mean products the are consciously identified as American,but ones than consumers-especially young people-see as part of a modern,innovative world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes.

consciously: 有意识地、自觉地
identified: 识别、确认、辨认、认出、支持
consumers-especially: 尤其是消费者
people-see: 人们看到
modern: 现代的、近代的、新式的、当代风格的、现代人、现代主义者
part: 部分、零件、参加、地区、分开、分离
innovative: 引进新思想的、采用新方法的、革新的、创新的
cultures: 文化、文明、培养
shared: 共有、合用、分配、分摊、分享、共享
beliefs: 相信、信心、看法、信念、信仰、宗教信仰
tastes: 体验、滋味、味觉、风味、尝、品尝、尝到、吃、喝
linked: 把连接起来、联系、相关联、说明有联系
global → 主
mean → 谓

Potato chips are an American invention,but most Chinese,for instance,do not know than Frito-Lay is an American company.

potato chips: 马铃薯片
invention: 发明、创意、创造、虚构、编造
potato chips → 主
are → 谓

Riskey,the company’s research and development head,would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.

research: 研究、调查、探索
development: 发展、发育、成长、壮大、开发、研制
head: 头部、头脑、上端、首脑、首长
associate: 联想、发生联系、联合、结交
communications: 通信、交流、交际、信息、通信工具
business: 商业、买卖、生意、商务、公事、营业额
Riskey → 主
hope → 谓

they → 主
associate → 谓

05-10

With brand perception a crucial factor,Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo.

perception: 感知、洞察力、悟性
crucial: 关键性的、至关重要的
factor: 因素、数因子、代理人、分解...的因子、将...分解成因子
ordered: 安排好的、整齐的、规则的、订购、点
redesign: 重新设计、新设计
Riskey → 主
ordered → 谓

The logo,along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of ites chips,would help facilitate the company’s global expansion.

along: 一起、向前、进展、沿着、顺着
with: 和...在一起
long-held: 长期持有、长期保留
held: 拿着、抓住、抱住、托住、按住(受伤的身体部分)
marketing: 市场营销、销售、经销、行销、市场学、出售、卖
irresistibility: 不可抗拒、不可抵抗(压制;反驳)
ites: 科技化服务
chips: 炸薯条
facilitate: 促进、促使、使便利
expansion: 扩张、扩展、扩大
global: 全球的、全事件的、整体的、全面的
logo: 标识、标志、微标
along with: 除某物以外、随同...一起、跟...一起
image: 形象、印象、声誉、画像、雕像、塑像
logo → 主
long-held → 谓

The executives acknowledge that very try to swing national eating habits to a food create in America,but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism.

executives: 经理、行政领导、行政部门
acknowledge: 承认(属实)、承认(权威、地位)、告知收悉
swing: 摇摆、摇荡、秋千、摆动
national: 国家的、国有的、国民的、民族主义的
habits: 习惯、惯常行为
create: 创造、创作、创建、造成
deny: 否认、否定、拒绝承认、拒绝接受、拒绝、拒绝给予
amounts: 金额、量、总额
economic: 经济的、经济上的
imperialism: 帝国主义、帝国主义政策
try to: 设法、试图、试着
eating habits: 饮食习惯
executives → 主
acknowledge → 谓

they → 主
deny → 谓

Rather,they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world.

spreading: 传播、展开、伸开、散布
benefits: 优势、益处、成效
enterprise: 公司、企业单位、事业单位
rather: 相当、稍微、有点、宁愿、相反地
they → 主
see → 谓

“We’re making products in those countries,we’re adapting them to the tastes of those countries,building businesses and employing people and changing lives,”said Steve Reinemund,PepsiCo’s chief executive.

making: 生成、制造
adapting: 适应、配合、适合
chief: 主要的、首领、主管人员
executive: 总经理、行政部门、管理的
we → 主
making → 谓

05-11 75页

Most episodes of absent-mindedness-forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.”You’re supposed to remember something,but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”

episode: (人生的)一段经历、(小说的)片段、插曲
absent-mindedness-forgetting: 心不在焉,健忘
wonder: 奇妙的、奇迹、惊奇、奇观、奇才
wondering: 疑惑的、觉得奇怪的
entered: 进来、进去、进入、称为...的一员
cause: 原因、事业、动机、理由、引起、导致、成为...的原因
caused: 使发生、造成、引起、导致
simple: 简单的、单纯的、天真的
lack of: 缺少、缺乏、需要
attention: 注意、注意力、照料、关怀、殷勤、立正
supposed: 假定的、应当、不准、料想、意味着
remember: 回想起、记得、记起、想起、记住、把...牢记在心
encoded: 把...译成电码(或密码)、把...编码、把...译成外语
deeply: 很、非常、极其、(与某些动词连用)深刻地、强烈地、深坑地、至深处
supposed to: 应该
Schacter → 主
says → 谓

you → 主
are → 谓

Encoding,Schacter explains,is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.

encoding: 编码、字符编码、编码方式、消息编码
explains: 解释、说明、说明(...的)原因、解释(...的)理由
special: 特殊的、特别的、不寻常的
major: 主要的、重要的、大的、严重、大调的
impact: 巨大影响、强大作用、撞击、冲撞
recalling: 记起、回忆起、回想起、使想起
later: 后来、以后、其后、随后
impact on: 影响、对...冲击、碰撞、对...只影响
schacter → 主
explains → 谓

Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations.

failure: 失败、失败的人(或事物)、未做、未履行(应做之事)
encode 把...译成电码(或密码)、把...编码、把...译成外语
properly: 正确地、适当地、得体地、恰当地
create: 创作、创作、创建、造成
situations: 情况、状况、形式、局面
annoying: 恼人的、讨厌的、骚扰
encode → 主
create → 谓

If you put your mobile phone in a pocket,for example,and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation,you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in you wardrobe.

pocket: 衣袋、口袋
involved: 参与、作为一部分、有关联、包含、需要
conversation: (非正式)交谈、谈话
probaly: 几乎肯定、很可能、大概
hanging: 绞刑、绞死、帘子、悬
wardobe: 衣柜、衣橱
you → 主
put → 谓

you → 主
are → 谓
you → 主
will → 谓

“Your memory itself isn’t failing you,”says Schacter.”Rather,you didn’t give your memory system the information(it needed).”

memory: 记忆力、记性、回忆、记忆
failing: 弱点、缺陷、如果没有、如果
rather: 宁愿、稍微、有点、相当、相反地、当然啦
system: (思想或理论)体系、方法、制度、体制、系统、身体
memory system: 存储系统、记忆系统
you → 主
isn’t → 谓

schacter → 主
says → 谓

05-12 76页

Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness.”A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,”says Zelinski,”many not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.”

lack of: 缺少、缺乏、需要
interest: 兴趣、关注、引入关注的性质
lend to: 导致、通向
absent-mindedness: 健忘、心不在焉
recite: 背诵、吟诵、朗诵
statistic: 统计数字、统计资料、统计学
remember: 回想起、记得、记起、记住、把...牢记在心
drop: 落下、投下、降低、减少、放弃、停止
letter: 信、证书、许可证、字母
mailbox: 信箱、邮筒
interest → 主
lead to → 谓

man → 主
recite → 谓
Zelinski → 主
says → 谓

Women have slightly better memories than men,possibly because they pay more attention to their environment,and memory relies on just that.

slightly: 略微、稍微、身材瘦小的
better: 较好的、更合适的、能力更强的、更好的
memories: 记忆力、记性、回忆
possibly: 可能、或许、强调惊奇
attention: 注意、专心、留心、注意力、兴趣
environment: 环境、客观环境、自然环境、生态环境
relies: 依赖、依靠、信赖、信任
just that: 由于、既然
women → 主
have → 谓

Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness,says Schacter.”But be sure the cue is clear and available,”he cautions.

visual: 视力的、视觉的、视觉资料
cues: 线索、暗示、提示、球杆、给...暗示
prevent: 阻止、阻碍、阻扰
absent-mindedness: 健忘,心不在焉
clear: 明确的、清澈的、清楚的、明白的、清晰的
available: 可获得的、可购得的、可找到的、有空的
cautions: 警告、告诫、提醒
be sure: 确信、肯定、确定
Schacter → 主
says → 谓

he → 主
cautions → 谓

If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch,put the pill bottle on the kitchen table–don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.

medication: 药、药物
remember: 回想起、记得、记起、记住、把...牢记在心
medicine: 医学、药、药水
chest: 胸部、胸膛、大箱子
medicine chest: 药箱、药柜
pocket: 口袋、钱袋、金钱、容器、隐藏
you → 主
want → 谓

Another common episode of absent-mindedness:walking into a room and wondering why your’re there.

another: 又一、再一、另一
common: 普通的、通俗的、公共的、共有的、普通
episode: 一段经历、片段、插曲
absent-mindedness: 健忘,心不在焉
wondering: 觉得奇怪、疑惑的
episode → 主
walking → 谓

05-13

Most likely,you were thinking about something else.

most: 最、最多、非常、很、几乎、最多的、最大的、大概的、大多数
likely: 可能的、适合的、有希望的、可能、或许
most likely: 最可能
something: 某物、某事、重要的事物、大致、左右、非常、有点、大约
thinking: 思考、想法、思想、意见、见解、有思想的、有理性的
something else: 另一回事
you → 主
were → 谓

“Everyone does this from time to time,”says Zelinski.

from time to time: 时不时地、不时地、间或、偶尔
everyone → 主
does → 谓

The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room,and you’ll likely remember.

return: 回转、返回、复发、又来、送还、归来
likely: 可能的、适合的、有希望的、可能、或许
best thing → 主
to do → 谓

Sign has become a scientific hot button.

sign: 签署、迹象、符合、手势、指示牌、签名
scientific: 科学(上)的、关于科学的、细致严谨的、科学的
hot: 热门的、激动的、紧迫的
button: 按钮、电钮、纽扣、扣子
become: 变得、变成、变为、变为、成为、适合
hot button: 热门话题
Sign → 主
has → 谓

Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized the signed languages are unique–a speech of the hand.

specialist: 专家、专科医生
language: 语言、语言文字、表达能力、言语
study: 学习、研究、课题
realize: 理解、领会、认识到、意识到、实现
sign: 签署、迹象、符合、手势、指示牌、签名
speech: 演说、讲话、发言、说话的能力、说话方式
hand: 手、协助、帮助、把、柄、掌管、传递
language study: 语言研究
a speech of the hand: 手语
specialists → 主
study → 谓

05-14

They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language,and throw new light on an old scientific controversy;

offer: 提供、给予、提出、提议
probe: 探查、盘问、追问、探究、查看 记忆技巧：prob 证明 + e → 为了证明 → 查明
brain: n.脑、智力、脑力、逻辑思维能力 v.猛击...的脑袋致死
generate: 产生、引起、记忆技巧：gener 产生 + ate 使… → 产生；发电
scientific: 科学(上)的、关于科学的、细致严谨的、科学的
controversy: (公开的)争论、辩论、论战
throw new light: 进一步提供消息、对...进行新的阐述
scientific controversy: 科学争论
light: 光、发光体、电灯、轻的、明亮的、浅色的
they → 主
offer → 谓

whether language,complete with grammar,is something that we are born with,or whether it is a learned behavior.

whether: 是否、是...、或者....、不管...
complete: 完整的、完成的、完全的、完成 记忆技巧：com 加强 + plet 满的；填满 + e → 特别满 → 完全的
grammar: 语法、文法 记忆技巧：gramm〔= gram〕写，画 + ar 表物 → 写的〔规则〕→ 语法
learned: 有学问的、博学的、学术上的、得知、学习
behavior: 行为、态度、反应
born: 出生、出世、出现、形成、成立
grammar → 主
is → 谓

that → 主
are → 谓

The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington,D.C.,the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.

current: 现在的、最近的、流行的、流传的、趋势 记忆技巧：curr 跑，引申为“发生” + ent 关于…的 → 跑的 → 流动的
interest: 利息、兴趣、爱好、利害关系、利益、趣味、感兴趣的事、使产生兴趣、使参与
sign: 迹象、符号、手势、指示牌、签名、打手势
roots: 根源、起因、根、词根、方根
pioneering: 开创性的、首创的、先驱的
rebel: 反叛者、叛逆者、反政府的人、反抗的人、反抗的、造反的 记忆技巧：re 回，向后 + bel 战争；打斗 → 反过来打〔自己人〕→ 叛乱者
university: (综合性)大学、高等学府
Washington: 华盛顿
liberal: 自由主义者、自由堂堂员、自由的、开明的、慷慨的、不拘泥的
arts: 艺术、美术(尤其绘画、雕刻、雕塑)、艺术作品、美术作品、艺术技巧
deaf: 聋的、耳聋的人、聋子、不愿听、不去注意
sign language → 主
has → 谓

When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English,the school enrolled him in a course in signing.

Gallaudet: 加劳德特
enrolled: (使)加入、注册、登记
course: 课程、讲座 记忆技巧：cours 跑，引申为“发生” + e → 跑的〔距离〕→ 路程
signing: 迹象、符号、手势、指示牌、签名、打手势
course in signing: 手语课程
Bill Stokoe → 主
teach → 谓

school → 主
enrolled → 谓

But Stokoe noticed something odd:among themselves,students signed differently from his classroom teacher.

noticed: 看(或听)到、注意到、意识到、注意、留意
odd: 奇怪的、怪异的、返厂的、偶然出现的、偶尔发生的、不规律的
among: 在...中、周围是、在(其中)、....之一、在三者或以上中(分配或选择)
differently: 不同地、相异地
Stokoe → 主
noticed → 谓

05-15

Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code,each movement of the hands representing a word in English.

taught: 教(课程)、讲授、教授、训练 teach过去分词和过去式
sort: 种类、类别、品种
gestural: 手势、手势辅助、姿态
code: 密码、暗码、电码、代码
movement: 运动、转动、移动、迁移、转移
representing: 代表、作为...的代言人
Stokoe → 主
taught → 谓

At the time,American Sign Language(ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English.

at the time: 当时
sign: 手势、手语
thought: 想法、看法、认为、以为
ASL → 主
was → 谓

But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer.

Stoke → 主
believed → 谓

He wondered:Might deaf people actually have a genuine language?

wondered: 想知道、想弄明白、琢磨 wonder过去分词和过去式
Might: 可能、可以
deaf: 聋的、耳聋的人
actually: 实际上、确实
genuine: 真正的、真的、名副其实的、真诚的
He → 主
wondered → 谓

And could that language be unlike any other on Earth?

could: 能、可以 can过去时
earth: 世界、地球
be unlike: 不像、与...不同、相异
that → 主
be unlike → 谓

05-16

It was 1995,when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “substandard”.

deaf: 聋的、耳聋的人
dismissed: 解雇、开除
singing: 签署、签字
substandard: 不达标的、不合格的
deaf people → 主
dismissed → 谓

Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy.

academic: 学业的、学术的
heresy: 宗教异端、信奉邪说
Stokoe’s → 主
was → 谓

It is 37 years later.

It → 主
is → 谓

Stokoe–now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture–is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.

devoting: 奉献、投入
journals: 日志、日记
producing: 生成、制作
materials: 布料、材料
culture: 文化、文明
campus: 校园、校区
explaining: 解释
revolution: 革命、巨变
Stokoe → 主
devoting → 谓

For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English,French and Japanese.

decades: 十年、十年期
signed languages: 手语
educators: 教育工作者、教师、教育学家
fought: 反对、打仗、战斗、作战
natural: 自然的、天然的
educators → 主
fought → 谓

05-17

They assumed language must be based on speech,the modulation of sound.

assumed: 假定的、假设的
speech: 演说、讲话
modulation: 调制、调谐、缓和
They → 主
assumed → 谓

But sign language is based on the movement of hands,the modulation of space.

movement: 运动、转动、迁移
modulation: 调制、调谐、缓和
space: 空间、空地
sign language → 主
is → 谓

“What I said,”Stokoe explains,”is that language is not mouth stuff–it’s brain stuff.”

explains: 解释、说明
mouth: 嘴、口、入口、开口
stuff: 东西、物品、玩意儿
brain: 脑、智力、脑力
Stokoe → 主
explains → 谓

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight.

Exercise: 练习、活动、锻炼
one of ...之一
factors: 因素
positive: 积极的、自信的
role: 智能、地位、角色
long-term: 长期的、长远的
maintenance: 维护、保养、维持
Exercise → 主
is → 谓

Unfortunately,the message has not gotten through to the average American,who would rather try switching to “light” beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion.

Unfortunately: 不幸地、遗憾地
average: 平均的、普通的、正常的
rather: 宁愿、稍微、有点、相当
switching: 改变、转变、突变、交换
beer: 啤酒、一杯
low-calorie: 低热量、低卡路里
bread: 面包、钱
increase: 增长、增多、增加
physical: 身体的、肉体的、躯体的
exertion: 努力、尽力、费力
message → 主
through → 谓

05-18

The Centers for Disease Control,for example,found that fewer than one-fourth of overwight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combing exercise with their diet.

Centers: 中心、研究中心、中心值
Disease: 疾病、弊端、恶疾
Control: 管理权、控制权、支配权
fewer: 较少的
adults: 成人
shed: 棚、库、流下、流出、脱皮、脱落
exercise: 活动、锻炼、运动
diet: 日常饮食、规定饮食、节制饮食、节食
shed pounds: 减肥
Disease → 主
found → 谓

In rejecting exercise,some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts:for example,one would have to briskly walkd three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry.

rejecting: 拒绝接受、拒收、不录用
discouraged: 气馁、阻拦、阻止、劝阻
caloric-expenditure: 热消耗
briskly: 轻快地、活泼地
delicious: 美味的、可口的
pastry: 糕点、油酥糕点、油酥面团
some people → 主
be → 谓

Even exercise professionals concede half a point here.

professionals: 专业人员、专业人士、专家
concede: 承认、让步
professionals → 主
concede → 谓

“Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,”says Yourk Onnen,program director of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.

tough: 坚强的、坚韧的、艰苦的
program: 程序、节目、节目单、计划、安排
director: 导演、主管、主任
Physical: 身体的、物质的、自然规律的
Fitness: 健壮、健康、适当、适合
program director: 计划负责人
Exercise → 主
is → 谓

Still,exercise’s supporting role in weight reduction is vital.

Still: 仍然、更、还要、静静地、不断地
supporting: 支持的、支撑的、支持、帮助
role: 作用、影响程度、职能、地位、角色
reduction: 减少、缩小、降低
vital: 必不可少的、至关重要的
weight reduction: 减肥
exercise’s → 主
is → 谓

05-19

A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight,while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

study: 研究
officers: 官员、高级官员、警察的头衔
overweight: 超重
employees: 雇工、雇员
confirmed: 证实、证明、确认、认可
dieted: 节食、进规定饮食
without: 在外部、缺少、没有、缺乏
regained: 重新获得、恢复、回到、返回
almost: 几乎、差不多
routine: 常规、例行程序、一套动作
Boston Universtiy Medical Center → 主
confirmed → 谓

If you have been sedentary and decide to start walking one mile a day,the add exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily.

have been: 已经
sedentary: 不爱活动的、久坐不动的
decide: 对...做出抉择、决定、选定
mile: 英里
burn: 燃烧、烧伤、烧毁
extra: 额外的、分外的
you → 主
decide → 谓

In a year’s time,assuming no increase in food intake,you could lose ten pounds.

assuming: 假设、假定、呈现
increase: 增长、增多、增加
intake: 吸入、进气、摄入、摄取
assuming → 主
increase → 谓

By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and makeing other dietary adjustments,you may lose even more weight.

increasing: 增长、增多、增加
gradually: 逐渐的、逐步的
dietary: 饮食的、有关饮食的、饮食中的
adjustments: 调整、调节器
you → 主
lose → 谓

Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to help secure Amerca’s energy future?

enough: 足够地、充足地、足够的
beneath: 在...的下方、低于、在下面、在底下
Arctic: 北极的
refuge: 庇护、避难、避难所、庇护者
secure: 安全的、牢固的、有把握的
energy: 精力、活力、干劲、力量、能源
Arctic National Wildlife → 主
Refuge → 谓

05-20

President Bush certainly thinks so

President: 总统、国家主席、会长
bush: 灌木、衬套、丛生、以灌木
certainly: 当然、无疑、确定、肯定、行
thinks: 认为、以为、想、思考
President Bush → 主
thinks → 谓

He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence.

argued: 争论、争吵、争辩
tapping: 开发、发掘、轻敲、轻拍
electricity: 电、电能、激动、兴奋
crisis: 危机、危急关头、危难时刻
boost: 增加、促进、提高
energy: 精力、能量、精神
independence: 独立、独立(之日)、自主、自立
He → 主
argued → 谓

But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey,conducted in 1998,projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.

crude: 简陋的、粗糙的、粗杂的、粗鲁的、天然的
lies: 谎言、位置、假象、说谎、躺卧
buried: 掩埋、埋葬
beneath: 在...的下方、低于、在下面、在底下
frozen: 冷冻的、冷藏的、冻僵、极冷
survey: 民意调查、民意测验、测量
conducted: 实施、指挥、传导、引导
output: 输出、产量、作品
barrels: 桶、枪管、一桶
crude oil → 主
beneath → 谓

The oil industry goes with the high end of the range,which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years.

industry: 工业、行业、生成制造
consumption: 消费、消耗
range: 范围、射程、类别、排列、搜索
as much as: 多达
oil → 主
goes → 谓

By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades,lobbyists claim,the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia.

pumping: 用泵输送、涌出、涌流、奔流
barrels: 桶
reserve: 预定、预约
decades: 十年
lobbyists: 游说者
claim: 宣称、声称、断言、索取
imports: 进口、输入、引进
equivalent: 相等的、相同的
shipments: 运输、运送、装运
lobbyists claim → 主
cut back → 减少、消减

05-21

Sounds good.An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall in tax revenues,royalties and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government.

boom: 快速发展、暴涨、使繁荣、繁荣
mean: 意思是
windfall: 意外之财、横财
tax: 税、税额
revenues: 财政收入、税收收入、收益
royalties: 王室成员、版税
leasing: 租赁
fees: 专业服务费、咨询费、报酬
Federal: 联邦制的
government: 政府、内阁、政体
Alaska and the Federal Govenment → 主
mean → 谓

Best of all,advocates of drilling say,damage to the environment would be insignificant.

advocates: 倡导者、拥护、提倡
drilling: 转孔、打眼
damage: 损坏、破坏、损失
environment: 环境、客观环境、自然环境
insignificant: 微不足道的、无足轻重的
Best of all: 最好的是
be insignificant: 无足轻重
advocates → 主
drilling → 谓

“We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing dder out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.

never: 从不、绝不、从未
rig: 操纵、控制
chasing: 追赶、追逐、追捕
document case: 公文包、文件套
pack ice: 聚集的浮冰、大块的浮冰
oil rig: 石油砖塔、钻井平台
Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan → 主
says → 谓

No so fast,say environmentalists.

environmentalists: 环境保护论者
environmentalists → 主
say → 谓

Sticking to the low end of government estimates,the National Resources Defense Councial says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR,a drop in the bucket that would do virtual nothing to ease America’s energy problems.

Sticking: 粘着、粘贴
estimates: 估计、估价、估计的成本
Defense: 国防部、防卫、防卫物
barrels: 桶、枪管、一桶
economically: 在经济上、经济地、实惠地
recoverable: 可收回的、可重新获得的
coastal: 沿海的、靠近海岸的
drop: 减少、滴、水珠、少量、微量
bucket: 桶、大桶状物、一桶
virtual: 事实上的、很接近的、几乎...的、实际上的
may be: 多半
no more than: 不过是、仅仅
economically recoveable oil: 可经济地开采的石油储量
coastal plain: 海岸平原
nothing to: 比起...简直等于零
plain: 平原、清楚的、明显的
the National Resources Defense Counncial → 主
says → 谓

05-22

And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits,because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases,environmental permits and regulatory review.

consumers: 消费者、顾客、用户
wait up: 等着不睡、熬夜等待、等一等
decade: 十年
gain: 获得、赢得、增加
benefits: 优势、益处、成效
drilling: 钻孔、打眼、培训、训练
bargaining: 议价、讨价、商讨、讨价还价
leases: 租约、租借
environmental: 自然环境的、生态环境的、有关环境的
permits: 许可证、许可、允许、准许
regulatory: 调整的、监管的
review: 回顾、复习、评论、复审、复查
consumers → 主
wait up → 谓

As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis,environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State’s electricity output-and just 3% of the nation’s.

As for: 至于、就...方面说来、至于、关于
impact: 巨大影响、强大作用、撞击、冲撞
power: 权力、控制力、影响力
crisis: 危机、危急关头
environmentalists: 环节保护论者
point: 观点、论点、指向、指出
point out: 指点、指明、指出、说出
responsible for: 为...负责、是造成...的原因
ANWR’s → 主
impact → 谓

06-22

It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead.

Many powerful forces appear to work against it:population growth,which pushes migrant popluations into the world’s last isolated,locations;mass tourism;global corporations.

All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising popular culture,and consumer products become similar.Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication.

For many of the world’s peoples,learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education,economic opporunity,and a better way of life.

remains: 遗骨、遗体、剩余、保持、留下、留待
whether: 是否
maintain: 维持、保持、维修、保养
linguistic: 语言的、语言学的
cultural: 文化的、教养的、耕作的
diversity: 差异性、不同点、多样性、多样化
centuries: 一世纪、100年
ahead: 向前地、在前面
powerful: 有权势的、有影响力的、强有力的
forces: 力、武力、势力、气力、强制
appear: 似乎、发表、出现、显现
against: 反对、与...相反
population: 人口
growth: 生产、增长、生长
migrant: 移民、候鸟、移居的
isolated: 隔离的、孤独的、单独的
mass tourism: 大众旅游
corporations: 公司
signfy: 表示、说明、预示、表达
popular: 流行的
consumer: 消费者、顾客、用户
similar: 类似的、相仿的
Already: 已经、早已
major: 主要的、重要的
tongues: 舌、舌头、语言
emerged: 出现、形成、事实
commerce: 贸易、商业、商务
communication: 表达、交流、交际、传递
viewed: 把...视为、以...看待、看、观看、查看
opporunity: 机会

在未来的几个世纪中,世界是否能保持语言和文化的差异性还有待观察。

许多强大的力量似乎都与之对抗:人口增长,将移动的人口推进世界最后一个独立的位置;大众旅游;全球公司。

所有这些力量似乎预示着广告流行文化和消费者产品语言相似的未来。英语和其它主要语言已经形成全球商业和交流语言。

世界上许多人而言,学习其中的某一种语言是视为教育、经济机会和更好的生活方式关键。

Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century.Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that?

expected: 期待、盼望、要求、指望
survive: 生存、存活、继续存在
doomed: 命中注定的、注定、宣判
coming: 到来、来临、下一个的
century: 100年、百年、世纪
rest: 剩余部分、其余、残留

目前使用了语言大概3000种在下一个世界来临前存活,大多数剩余的语言在下一个世纪就注定了吗?

07-03

It’s hardly news that the immigration system is a mess. Foreign nationals have long been slipping across the border with fake papers, and visitors who arrive in the U. S legitimately often overstay their legal welcome without being punished. But since Sept 11, it’s become clear that terrorists have been shrewdly factoring the weaknesses of our system into their plans. In addition to their mastery of forging passports, at least three of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers (劫机者) were here on expired visas. That’s been a safe bet until now. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) (移民归化局) lacks the resources, and apparently the inclination, to keep track of the estimated 4 million foreigners who have intentionally overstayed their welcome.

But this laxness (马虎) toward immigration fraud may be about to change. Congress has already taken some modest steps. The U. S.A. Patriot Act, passed in the wake of the Sept. 11 tragedy, requires the FBI, the Justice Department, the State Department and the INS to share more data, which will make it easier to stop watch-listed terrorists at the border.

But what have really needed, critics say, is even tougher laws and more resources aimed at tightening up border security. Reformers are calling for a rollback of rules that hinder law enforcement. They also want the INS to hire hundreds more border patrol agents and investigators to keep illegal immigrants out and to track them down once they’re here. Reformers also want to see the INS set up a database to monitor whether visa holders actually leave the country when they are required to.

hardly: 几乎不、几乎没有
have long been: 长期以来、一直以来
slipping: 滑倒、滑跤、滑落、滑离、脱落、悄悄疾行、溜
fake: 假的、冒充的、伪造的
legitimately: 正当地、合理地
overstay: 停留过久
punished: 处罚、惩罚、对…判罪、判定…的处罚方式
shrewdly: 精明地、机灵地、机灵的
factoring: 把…因素包括进去、（数学）分解…的因子、将…分解成因子、以代理商（或管家等）的身份行事、做代理商（或管家）
expired: (因到期而)失效，终止、到期、届满、逝世、去世、故去
bet: 下赌注(于)、用…打赌、敢说、八成儿、打赌、赌注、预计、估计
apparently: 据…所知、看来、显然
inclination: 倾向、意愿、趋向、趋势、倾斜度
intentionally: 故意地、有意地、蓄意地
laxness: 马虎、腹泻、弛缓
fraud: 欺诈罪、欺骗罪、骗子、行骗的人、伪劣品、冒牌货
tougher: 强硬地、顽强地、艰苦的、艰难的、棘手的、严厉的
aimed: 力求达到、力争做到、目的是、旨在、瞄准、对准
tightening up: 固紧
calling: 呼吁
hinder: 阻碍、妨碍、阻挡
enforcement: 执行、实施
patrol: 巡逻、巡查
investigators: 调查者、侦查员
illegal: 不合法的、非法的、违法的、非法移民、非法劳工

1. Terrorists have obviously taken advantage of______.

   A．the legal privileges granted to foreigners.
   B．the excessive hospitality of the American people.
   C．the irresponsibility of the officials at border checkpoints.
   D．the low efficiency of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
   obviously: 显然、明显的
   advantage: 有利条件、益处、优势、优点
   privileges: 特权、特殊待遇
   granted: 授予
   excessive: 过分的、过度的
   hospitality: 好客、殷勤、食物、饮料、服务
   irresponsibility: 不负责任、无责任感、不承担责任
   officials: 要员、官员、高级职员
   efficiency: 效率、效能、功效
   immigration: 移民

2. We learn from the passage that coordinated efforts will be made by various U.S. government agencies to _ .

   A) limit the number Of immigrants to the U.S.
   B) prevent the forgery of immigration papers
   C) ward off terrorist suspects at the border
   D). refuse the renewing of expired visas
   coordnated: 协调
   immigrants: 移民
   forgery: 伪造
   ward off: 躲开、防止
   suspects: 嫌疑犯
   renewing: 中止后继续
   expired: 失效、终止

3. It can be inferred from the passage that before Sept. 11, aliens with expired visas_______ .

   A) might stay on for as long as they wished
   B) would be closely watched by FBI agents
   C) would live in constant fear of deportation
   D) might have them extended without trouble
   wished: 希望、盼望、企求
   fear: 害怕、惧怕、担忧
   deportation: 驱逐出境
   extended: 延期、扩大
   trouble: 麻烦、忧虑、苦难

ALEX 长难句

07-02

Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.

Besides: 除...之外、另外、况且、以及
learned: 有学问的、博学的、学术上的、得知、学习
ministers: 部长、牧师、大臣、公使
decade: 十年、十年期
church: 教堂、礼拜堂、礼拜、礼拜仪式
political: 政治的、政府的、政权的、政党的
leaders: 领导者、领袖、首领、最佳的人
educated: 有教育的、教育、训练、教导、教养
gentleman: 绅士
lawyer: 律师
official: 官员、公务员、行政官员、裁判
Crown: 王冠、花冠、王权、顶部
journeyed: 旅行
Boston: 波士顿

解析:本句较长，但并不复杂。

开始的介词结构 besides the ninety or so learned ministers… 作状语

其中 ministers 后面带有 who 引导的定语从句;

句子的主干是 there were political leaders…

介词结构 like John Winthrop 作 leaders 的定语
接着的几个名词短语 an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown 是介绍 Winthrop 来波士顿之前的身份。

核心词汇:or so 大概,左右 learned 博学的
译文:除了在 1629 年之后的十年内到达麻塞诸塞教堂的 90 个左右博学的牧师以外，还 有像 John Winthrop 这样的政治领袖——来波士顿之前他是位受过良好教育的绅士，律师以 及国王的官员。

07-05

Downshifting —also known in America as “ voluntary simplicity”—-has, ironically ,even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism.

Downshifting: 放慢生活、减速生活、降档
voluntary: 自愿的、志愿的、主动的、自告奋勇的、自愿性的
simplicity: 简单、容易、质朴、淳朴、简单
ironically: 嘲讽地、挖苦地
bred: 孕育、繁殖、生育
might: 可以、应该
termed: 把...称为、把...叫做
anti-consumerism: 反对消费主义
解析:本句的主干在破折号之外:downshifting 是主语,has bred 是谓语,a new area 是宾语,其中 area 后的 of 短语 of what might be termed anti-consumerism 作 area 的定语,what 引导的从句作 of 的宾语。破折号中间的部分对 downshifting 作补充说明。

译文:具有讽刺意味的是,放慢生活节奏—–在美国也被称为“自愿简朴”—–甚至孕 育了一个全新的领域,不妨称之为“反消费主义”。

07-09

Applaud for your persistence and effort!
Applaud: 拍手、喝彩、鼓掌
persistence: 坚持不懈
effort: 努力、尽力

You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.
mental: 脑海里、思想的、精神的、思考的
desire: 渴望、希望、欲望、请求
continually: 不断地、不停地、持续地
general: 普遍的、一般地
routine: 常规、正常顺序、生活乏味

解析:本句是一个并列句,包含两个分局。

第一个分句主干是 you can make a mental blueprint of a desire,后面的 as(像…一样)引导一个状语从句,将a mental blueprint of a desire 和 a blueprint of a house相比较。

第二个分句的主干是 each of us is…making these blueprints …。
注意：第二个分句中的is continually making 使用一般进行时表示经常发生的 事情(这种事情往往冷人不快)。

译文: 就像盖房子前给一所房子绘制蓝图一样,你可以在脑海里给你自己想要得到的东西绘制一幅蓝图;我们每个人在日常生活中做事的时候都在不断绘制这样的蓝图。

07-10

Applaud for your persisttence and effort!
Applaud: 喝彩、鼓掌
persisttence: 坚持
effort: 努力

That group — the National Bioethics Advisory Commission—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper,and at a meeting on 17 May,members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations…
Bioethics: 生物伦理学
Advisory: 、顾问呢、咨询、公告、劝告的
Commission: 委员会、委员、佣金、手续费
feverishly: 发热地、狂热地
wisdom: 智慧、才智、精明、明智
near-final: 接近决赛
draft: 草稿、草案、草图
recommendations: 正式建议、提议、推荐、介绍、推荐信

解析:
本句包含两个并列句,以and连接

第一个并列分句的主语是that group,两个破折号之间的部分是 that group的同位语,指出group的具体名称;谓语是working,后面的to put its wisdom on paper 是状语,表示目的,注意,此外的feverishly用作褒义词,意思是热情 高涨地。

第二个并列分句在and后,结构相对简单。其中at a meeting on 17 May 是状语部分,逗号后面是主干。

译文: 这个专家小组—全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会—一直在兴奋地工作,群策群力地写建议书,并于5月17号的会议上,委员会就接近定稿的建议达成了一致意见。

07-15

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.
Aimlessness: 漫无目的、无目的
hardly: 几乎不、几乎没有
typical: 典型的、有代表性的
postwar: 战后的、战后不久的
productivity: 生产率、生产效率
harmony: 融洽、和睦
envy: 羡慕、妒忌
increasingly: 越来越多地、不断增加地
decline: 减少、下降、衰落、衰退
work-moral: 工作道德

解析:

第一句是复合句。Aimlessness 主语 + has been系动词 + typical of the postwar Japan表语，其中hardly作状语。
whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe,whose引导的这句话是定语从句修饰postwar Japan,这句话的结构是productivity and social harmny 主语 + are 系动词 + the envy of the United States and Europe表语。
第二句是个简单句。the Japanese 主语 + are seeing 谓语 + a decline宾语,介词短语of the traditional work-moral values作后置定语,修饰decline;副词increasingly 作状语。
译文:
战后日本的生产能力和社会和谐为美国和欧洲各国所称羡,因此很难说漫无目的是战后日本的特色。但是,日本人的传统职业道德观正在日益衰退。

07-19

That as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.
as much: 同样地
timber: 树木、林木
harvested: 砍伐、收割、捕猎、采集
proved: 证明、证实

解析:

句子的主干是: That引导名词性从句作主语,谓语动词是proved,to be false是不定式作表语;在主语从句中,主语是timber,as much as one-fourth of all是主语timber 的前置定语,harvested是timber的后置定语,谓语是is not used; 此句中that引导的名词性从句置于句首,表面上看头重脚轻,实际这是一种语言修辞,是一种强调手段。
译文：所有被砍伐的木材里有多达四分之一没有被利用,结果证明这是错误的。

07-23

At its peak in 2007 it was worth some ￥65 billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economies,a research firm - double the figure five years earlier.
reckon: 想、认为
Clare McAndrew: 麦克安德鲁
founder: 创建者、发起人、失败、破产、沉没
firm: 商行、商号、公司
double: 两倍
figure: 数量、数字、数字符号、字码
earlier: 早期的、早些时候

解析:

本句话采用了倒装语序,正常语序应是:Clare McAndrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm,reckons at its peak in 2007 it was worth some ￥65 billion - double the figure five years earlier.

主语是Clare McAndrew,谓语动词是reckons,其后面是省略了连接词that的宾语从句;双逗号之间的founder.. 是主语的同位语,补充说明其身份,紧随其后的a research firm是其前面Arts Economies的同位语,补充说明该机构的性质;宾语从句中,画线表述at..是从句的时间状语,破折号后面是形容词短语double..作非限制性后置定语,对前面的some $ 65 billion作补充说明。

译文:
Clare McAndrew是一家名叫Arts Economics研究公司的创始人,他估计在2007年的高峰期,世界艺术品市场的价值约为650亿美元,是其五年前的两倍。

07-25

I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room——a women’s group that had invited men to join them.
gathering: 聚集、聚会、集会
suburban: 郊区的、城外的
Virginia: 弗吉尼亚洲

解析:
本句话的主干是I was addressing a small gathering.,其中主语是I,
谓语动词是was addressing,
宾语是a small gathering,
介词短语(in..) 作地点状语,表示addressing发生的地点,
破折号后面的画线表达是a small gathering的同位语,对其作进一步补充说明,最后的括号表达则是that引导的定语从句修饰限定先行词group。
译文:
弗吉尼亚郊区的一间会客厅里有一个小的聚会,我正在作发言——这是个女性团体举办的聚会,但也邀请了男性一并参加。

07-26

Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—— a virtual epidemic of failed conversation..
Given: 考虑到、鉴于
rate: 速度、比率、价格、费用
amounts to: 等同、接近
virtual: 事实上的、实际上的、几乎...的
epidemic: 流行病
conversation: 交谈、谈话

解析:
本句话的主干是: .. that amounts to millions of cases.,
其中主语是that, 指代上文lack of communication,
谓语动词是amounts to (等同于,意味着),
宾语是millions of cases;过去分词短语(Given..) 在句中作原因状语,介词短语(in..) 作地点状语,(every year)在句中作时间状语。破折号后面的画线表达是名词短语作同位语,对前面的宾语millions of cases作进一步补充说明;句尾的介词短语(of..) 作后置定语,修饰限定epidemic。
译文:
考虑到目前近50%的离婚率,这意味着在美国每年会有数以百万计的离婚案例一一实际就是交流不畅导致的瘟疫。

07-28

Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have concluded that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually protective .For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.likewise,among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an indicator of good health.
Thinner: 较瘦的
better: 更好的、更熟练的
conclude: 推断、决定
normal-weight: 正常体重
higher risk: 高风险
compared: 比较的、对照的
overweight: 超重的、过重的
conition: 条件、情况
actually: 实际上、事实上
protective: 防护的、关切保护的
hevier: 沉重的、巨大的
heavier: 沉重的、巨大的
likely: 很有可能的、合适的
less likely: 最不可能的是、较少可能
develop: 开发、进步
calcium: [化学]钙
deficiency: 缺陷、缺点
likewise: 同样地、也
elderly: 上了年纪的、过了中年的
being: 存在、生物
somewhat: 有点、稍微
indicator: 指标、标志

更瘦并不总是意味着更好。一些研究得出结论,与超重人群相比,体重正常的人其实患某些疾病的风险更高。并且在一些健康状况方面,超重实际上是保护性的。例如,与苗条的女性相比,较重的女性更不容易缺钙。该道理在老年人中同样适用,有几分超重往往是身体健康的标志。

07-29

Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.
being: 存在、生物
been: 是、有
dangerous: 危险的、危险地
male: 男性的、雄性的
female: 女性的、雌性的
ratio: 比例、比率
drop: 推动、帮助
near: 接近、靠近
balance: 平衡、余额
maturity: 成熟、到期

解析:
第一句是一个”主语(Being a man) + 系动词(has been) + 表语(dangerous)”结构的简单句;副词always作状语,修饰系动词。
第二句是一个复合句,由三个分句构成,分句一There are about 105 males born for every 100 females是 There be句型: There +be+主语。for every 100 females是介词短语作状语。过去分词born作后置定语,修饰males。
but连接并列分句二,表转折this ratio drops(主+谓),介词短语to near balance作状语,表程度,介词短语at the age of maturity作时间状语,
and连接并列分句三and..there are twice as many women as men.同样也是there be句型。
,后面的介词短语among 70-year-olds作状语,这句话使用了倍数的表达方式:”…times + as many(或much) + 名词 + as..”。句中的介语短语as men作比较状语。
译文:
身为男性总是充满危险。男女出生时的比例大约是105:100,但到了成年期,这一比例就会下降到几乎持平,而在70岁的老人中,女性人数是男性的两倍。

07-30

Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity “turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined interms of body massindex,or BMI.BMI equals body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight.Between 25 and 30 is overweight.And over 30 is considered obese.Obesity,in turn,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese.
of: 属于、....的
even: 甚至、即使
greater: 较大的
concern: 影响、牵涉
obesity: 肥大、肥胖
turn out to be: 结果是、原来是
defined: 界定了、清晰的
in terms: 明确地、毫不含糊的
mass index: 质量指数
mass: 块、团
divided: 分裂的、分开的
square: 平方的、正方形的
adult: 成年的、成熟的
BMI(Body Mass Index): 身体质量指数
considered: 经过深思熟虑的、被尊重的
overweight: 超重的、过重的
obese: 肥胖的、过胖的
in turn: 反过来、转而、轮流、依次
moderately: 适度地、中庸地
severely: 严重地、严格地

更令人关注的是,肥胖被证明是很难界定的。它通常依据身高体重指数(即BMI)来定义。BMI便是体重除以身高的平方。一个成年人的BMI介于18至25之间,往往被视作体重正常。BMI介于25至30之间被认为是超重。BMI为30以上被看作是肥胖。 而肥胖也相应地可再分为中度肥胖、严重肥胖及极严重肥胖。

07-31

While such numerical standards seem straightforward,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,while others with a low BMI may be in poor shape.For example,many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese, though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a normal BMI.
while: 在...期间、在...的过程中
with: 和...在一起、具有
such: 这样的、如此的
numerical: 数值的、数字的
standards: 标准、规格
seem: 似乎、像是
straightforward: 简单的、坦率的
obesity: 肥大、肥胖
probably: 大概、或许
matter: 物质、事件
extremely: 非常、极其
fact: 事实、实际、真相
fit: 安装、使...适应
poor: 贫穷的、可伶的
shape: 形状、模型
collegiate: 大学的、学院的
professional: 专业的、职业的
qualify: 限定、修饰
obese: 肥胖的、过胖的
percentage: 百分比、百分率
conversely: 相反地
someone: 有人、某人
frame: 框架、结构
normal: 正常的、正规的

虽然这样的数值标准看上去很直接明了,但那其实是假象。肥胖与其说是体重的问题,倒不如说是身体脂肪含量的问题。有些BMI高的人实际上体格非常好,而另一些BMI低的人反而可能外形不佳。例如,许多大学和职业足球选手(按照BMI来衡量)可算作是肥胖者,可是他们的身体脂肪百分比却很低。反之,一些小身形的人可能身体脂肪含量很高但BMI却正常.

08-01

Today we have a(n) tendency to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes pictured in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes associated with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.Even very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity,grounded in health concerns,have stimulated a number of antiobesity policies .My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign against childhood obesity,.even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
tendency: 倾向、趋势
with: 和...在一起、具有
label: 标签、商标
obesity: 肥大、肥胖
disgrace: 耻辱、丢脸的人或事
overweight: 超重的、过重的
pictured: 画、想象
media: 媒体、煤质
faces: 表面、脸色
covered: 覆盖了的、隐蔽着的
stereotype: 陈腔滥调、老套
associated: 关联的、联合的
include: 包含、包括
laziness: 怠惰、无精打采
power: 力量、能力
prospect for: 勘探
professionals: 专业人员
shown: 解释、给予
harbor: 港、香港
biases: 偏差、偏见
against: 反对、违反
obese: 肥胖的、过胖的
teasing: 戏弄
has long been: 长期以来、一直
negative: 负的、消极的
attitudes: 态度、看法
obesity: 肥大、肥胖
grounded: 理性的、理智的
concerns: 关注、关注点
stimulated: 受激的
autiobesity: 减肥
a number of: 若干、一些、许多
policies: 政策、保险单
banned: 被禁的、被取缔的
sugary: 含糖的、甜的
facilities: 设施、工具
employers: 雇主
innstituted: 创立、设置
loss: 减少、亏损
fitness: 健康、适当
initiatives: 积极性、主动权
launched: 启动、发射
high-visibility: 高能见度
campaign: 运动、活动
childhood: 童年时期、幼年时代
claiming: 声称、要求给予
represents: 代表、表现
greatest: 最伟大的、最好的
national: 国家的、国民的
security: 安全、安全性
threat: 威胁

如今,人们倾向于将肥胖视作一件丢脸的事。超重的人有时在媒体拍摄中出现时脸部都是被遮住的。与肥胖有关的刻板印象包括懒惰、缺乏意志力及成功前景黯淡。 教师、雇主以及健康专业人士已被证明对肥胖者怀有偏见。 即便非常年幼的儿童往往也看不起超重的人,而且对体格的戏弄早已成为学校里的问题之一。基于健康考虑而对肥胖所持的负面态度,已经引发了一些抗肥胖政策。我自己的医院系统已经禁止了其设施中的含糖饮料。 许多雇主发起了减肥和健身计划。 米歇尔 ·奥巴马推出了高度引人注目的对抗儿童肥胖的运动,甚至声称“儿童肥胖问题”代表了美国最大的国家安全威胁。

08-06

What is it that makes us feel we need to hide behind our screens? One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be misinterpreted as “weird.” We fear we’ll be judged .We fear we’ll be disruptive.
Strangers are inherently unfamiliar to us, so we are more likely to feel anxious when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we turn to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,”Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more dangerous.”

screens: 屏幕、卡位
fear: 害怕、恐惧
executive: 经营管理的、有执行权的
mental: 精神的、脑力的
coach: 教练、旅客车厢
an executive mental coach: 高管心理教练
rejection: 抛弃、拒绝
innocent: 无辜的、无罪的
advances: 前进、预付款
misinterpreted: 曲解、误解
weird: 怪异的、不可思议的
judged: 裁决、审理
disruptive: 破坏的、分裂性的
strangers: 陌生人、陌生事物
inherently: 内在地、固有地
unfamiliar: 不熟悉的、不常见的
likely: 很可能的、合适的
anxious: 焦虑的、担忧的
communicating: (房间)想通的、相连的
compared: 比较的、对照的
acquaintance: 熟人、相识
avoid: 避免、避开
uneasiness: 不安、担忧
blanket: 毛毯、毯子
protect: 保护、防卫
perceive: 察觉、感觉
dangerous: 危险的

是什么让我们觉得自己需要躲在屏幕后面?高级心理培训师乔恩·沃特曼认为,答案之一是恐惧。我们害怕被拒绝,或者害怕我们单纯的主动社交行为会被误解为是“怪异的”。 我们害怕自己会被品头论足。 我们害怕会打扰到别人。
我们本来就对陌生人不熟悉,因此与朋友或熟人相比,我们与陌生人交流时更有可能会感到焦虑。 为了避免这种局促感,我们转向我们的手机。“手机成了我们的安全毯,”沃特曼说道,“它们是我们愉悦的眼镜,使我们免受我们认为可能会更危险的事物之害。”

08-07

But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn’t hurt so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a conversation. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow passengers “When Dr.Epley and Ms.Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to predict how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their ride would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they went through with the experiment,” not a single person reported having been embarrassed.”
In fact, these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, since human beings thrive off of social connections. It’s that simple: Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.
rip: 撕、锯
rip off: 偷窃、扯掉
band-aid: 创可贴
tuck: 卷起、挤进
smartphones: 智能手机
look up: 仰望、查阅
bad: 坏的、严重的
experiment: 实验、实验
behavioral: 行为的
scientists: 科学家
commuters: 通勤者、每日往返上班者
unthinkable: 不能想象的、过分的
fellow: (非正式)男人、男孩、家伙
passengers: 旅客、乘客
predict: 预言、预知
stranger: 陌生人、外地人、局外人
thought: 思想、思考、想法 (think过去式和过去分词)
pleasant: 令人愉快的、舒适的
participants: 参与者
expect: 期望、指望
positive: 积极的、正的
experiment: 实验、试验
embarrassed: 尴尬的、窘迫的
fact: 事实、实际
commutes: 通勤者、每日往返上班者
reportedly: 据报道、据传闻
enjoyable: 快乐的、有乐趣的
compared: 比较的、对照的
communication: 通讯、通信
absolute: 绝对的、完全的
sense: 感觉、功能
since: 自...以后、何曾
thrive: 繁荣、兴旺
strangers: 陌生人、陌生事物

但一旦我们撕掉这个绷带,把我们的智能手机塞入口袋,抬起头来,其实情况并没那么糟糕。在2011年的一项实验中,行为科学家尼古拉斯·埃普利和朱莉安娜·施罗德让通勤者做了一件不可思议的事:主动攀谈。他们让芝加哥火车通勤乘客与同车的乘客聊天。“当埃普利博士和施罗德女士让同一车站的其他人预测他们与陌生人交谈之后是什么感受时,那些通勤者认为,如果他们自己一个人坐着,旅途会更愉悦。”《纽约时报》总结道。尽管参与者并没有期待会有一次积极体验,但当他们完成实验后,“没有一个人声称自己感到尴尬”.
实际上,这些(参与交流的)通勤者的旅程据称比那些没有沟通的通勤者的旅程更加令人愉悦,这是完全合乎情理的,因为人类是在社会交往中发展起来的。 道理很简单:与陌生人交谈可以让你感受到自己与他人是有联系的

08-08

Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence how firms work, too. Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. In particular firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking necessary for making investments for the future.
differently: 不同地、差异
productive: 能生成的、生成的
risks: 风险、危险
suggests: 暗示、建议
invest: 投资、覆盖
recent: 最近的、近代的
particular: 特别的、详细的
long-term: 长期的
investments: 投资、投资的财产
future: 未来、前途

幸福的人工作方式有所不同。他们更高效,更有创造力,且愿意去冒更大风险。新的研究表明幸福感也可能影响公司如何运作.根据近期某篇研究论文,位于居民幸福感更强的地方的公司投资更多。尤其地,位于幸福之地的公司在研发(研究和开发)上投入更多。 那是因为幸福感与对未来做投资所必需的那种长远思考相联系。

08-09

The researchers wanted to know if the optimism and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would change the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness measured by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.
Sure enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were headquartered. But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities explain why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various factors that might make firms more likely to invest-like size, industry, and sales-and for indicators that a place was sociable to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally held even after accounting for these things.
optimism: 乐观、乐观主义
inclination: 倾向、爱好
risk-taking: 冒险、承担风险
invested: 投资、花费
compared: 比较的、对照的
measured: 量过的、慎重的
polling: 投票、轮询
investment: 投资、投入
activity: 活动、行动
publicly: 公然地、以公众名义
traded: 交易、买卖货物
sure enough: 果然、果真
intensity: 强度、强烈
find out: 找出、查明
correlated: 有相互关系的
headquartered: 以...为总部所在地的
happier: 更快乐的、更幸福的
controlled: 受控制的、受约束的
various: 各式各样的
factor: 因素、要素
invest: 投资、覆盖
industry: 产业、工业
indicator: 指示器、指示剂
sociable: 社交的、好交际的
growth: 增长、发票
wage: 工资、报酬
population: 人口、种群
generally: 通常、普遍地、一般地
accounting: 会计、会计学

研究者想要了解随幸福感而来的乐观和冒险倾向是否会改变公司的投资方式。于是,他们将由盖洛普民意测验调查得出的美国城市平均幸福指数与那些地区上市公司的投资活动进行了比较。果然,公司的投资和研发力度与其总部所在地的幸福指数相关。但与投资相联系的真的是幸福指数吗?或者说,和幸福指数较高城市相关的其他方面能否解释为何那里的公司在研发上投入更多?为了查明真相,研究者们控制了可能促使公司更愿意投资的多种因素一-比如规模,产业和销售一以及一个地方适宜居住的指标,比如工资涨幅或人口增长.甚至在考虑了这些情况之后,幸福感和投资之间的关联依然普遍适用.

08-12

The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors attribute to“less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less experienced managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was also stronger in places where happiness was spread more equally .Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.

While this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view , the authors believe it at least hints at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help shape how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and lean towards R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.

correlation: 相互关系、相关
investment: 投资、投入
particularly: 异乎寻常地、特别是
attribute: 归属、把...归于
codify: 编纂、将...编成法典
decision: 决定、决心
process: 过程、工艺流程
decision making process: 决策过程
presence: 存在、出席
sentiment: 感情、情绪
spread: 传播、伸展
invest: 投资、覆盖
relatively: 相当地、相对地
prove: 证明、检验
cause: 原因、事业
longer-term: 更长期的
hint: 暗示、线索
possibility: 可能性、可能发生的事物
culture: 文化、文明
shape: 形状、模型
executive: 经营管理的、有执行权的
surely: 当然、无疑
plausible: 看似可信的、花言巧语的
forward-thinking: 有远见的
lean: 倾斜身体、倚靠
average: 一般人、平均、平均数

幸福感和投资之间的关联在较年轻公司尤其明显,作者将其归因于“不那么固守成规的决策过程”以及(企业)可能存在“较为年轻且经验较少的管理者,他们更容易受到思想情感的影响”。这一关联在幸福感较为均等分布的地方也更加明显。.,公司似乎在大多数人都比较幸福的地区投资更多,而不是在幸福感不均等的地区。
尽管这并不能证明幸福感致使公司增加投资或更有远见,作者相信它至少隐含了那种可能性,不难想象,地方文化和思想情感将有助于影响管理者如何思考未来。“似乎可以确信的是,幸福的人更有远见,更加创新,并且比一般人更倾向于研发,”一位研究者说道。

08-26

What makes this slump different from the last, he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Al-most everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds-death,debt and divorce-still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.
slump: 骤降、重重地坐下

almost: 差不多、几乎

interviewed: 面试、接见

moment: 片刻、瞬间

demand: 要求、需求

work: 作品

他说,此次衰退不同于上次的地方在于现在市场上仍然有买家。 几乎所有接受此次特别报道的受访者都说,当前最大的问题不是缺少需求,而是缺少好的售卖作品。3D-一死亡、债务和离婚-一依然是将艺术品推向市场的三大因素。 但那些不是非卖不可的人都在远离市场,等待市场信心的回转。